頂替・代替（核心動作）
這一群來自 substitute（替代）。畫面是：原本的人不在，另一個人先頂上去，等於暫時站在別人的位置上。
substitute, fill in · verb · B1
To take the place of another person for a while, especially in a sport or a job.
替補 / 代替
核心畫面
You can think of 'sub' as a tiny, casual word that does two unrelated jobs at once: (1) it stands IN for someone or something else for a while (a sub = a substitute), and (2) it is just a lazy short form chopped off the front of a longer 'sub-' word (submarine, subscription, sub-editor). Context tells you which longer word it is hiding.
可以把 sub 想成一個又短又隨便的口語詞，它同時做兩件互不相干的事：一是「暫時頂替」另一個人或東西（替補、代課）；…更多收起
可以把 sub 想成一個又短又隨便的口語詞，它同時做兩件互不相干的事：一是「暫時頂替」另一個人或東西（替補、代課）；二是把一個比較長、開頭是 sub- 的字直接砍短來用（submarine→sub 潛水艇、subscription→sub 訂閱）。到底指哪一個，要看上下文。所以這不是一個有單一畫面的字，而是好幾個被縮短的字共用同一個拼法。Six branches
先給的錢（預支・代墊）
也可以連回「頂替」：用「提早給的一筆錢」先頂著眼前的需要，等於讓未來的薪水暫時站到現在來。
advance money · verb · B2
To give someone part of their pay early, or to lend someone a small amount of money.
預支 / 借（錢）給
校稿・編修（sub-editor）
這一群來自 sub-editor（副編輯／校稿編輯）的縮短，跟「頂替」無關，是另一條獨立的路。
copyedit, sub-edit · verb · C1
To check and fix the writing in a newspaper or magazine before it is printed.
校稿 / 編修
潛水艇（submarine）
純粹是 submarine 砍掉後半的口語縮寫，跟「頂替」無關，只是共用 sub 這個拼法。
submarine · noun · B2
A short, informal word for a submarine, a ship that travels under the sea.
潛水艇
訂閱（subscription）
也是縮短：把 subscription 砍短成 sub，指定期付的那筆會員／使用費。
subscription · noun · B2
A short, informal word for a subscription — money you pay regularly to use a service or be a member.
訂閱（費）
潛艇堡（submarine sandwich）
也是縮短，而且帶點形狀比喻：因為那種長條麵包形狀像潛水艇，所以叫 sub。
sub sandwich · noun · A2
A long bread roll cut open and filled with meat, cheese, and vegetables.
潛艇堡
原始詞典資料31 筆記錄
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法，原文照列，我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的；有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
subverb詞源 1/sʌb/
- 1
informalTo substitute for.
- 2
informalTo work as a substitute teacher, especially in primary and secondary education.
- 3
informalball-gamesgameshobbiesTo replace (a player) with a substitute.
- He never really made a contribution to the match, so it was no surprise when he was subbed at half time.
- 4
informalball-gamesgameshobbiesTo bring on (a player) as a substitute.
- He was subbed on half way through the second half, and scored within minutes.
- 5
To perform the work of a subeditor or copy editor; to subedit.
- 6
slangTo subtitle (usually a film or television program).
- 7
slangTo lend (a person) money.
- I kept up the pleasantries as we were drying our hands and, realizing I didn't have any change for the lodger, I asked him, one drummer to another like, if he could sub me a quid for the dish.
- 8
slangTo subscribe.
另外 1 個記錄的用法
- 9
BDSMlifestylesexualityTo take a submissive role.
- You've never subbed before. Jessica will be expecting a man on stage that follows orders and enjoys what she's going to be doing. Do you want to be spanked? Possibly whipped?
- Wasn't like she'd never subbed before. She'd been a sub longer than she'd been a Dominatrix–ten years she'd spent in a collar.
subprep詞源 2/sʌb/
- 1
Under.
subverb詞源 2/sʌb/
- 1
To coat with a layer of adhering material; to planarize by means of such a coating.
- 2
To prepare (a slide) with a layer of transparent substance to support and/or fix the sample.
- 1997, Marina A. Lynch, S. M. O'Mara (editors), Ali D. Hames, D. Rickwood (series editors), Neuroscience Labfax, page 166, Ensure that gloves are worn when handling subbed slides. Although the following protocol describes subbing with gelatin, slides may also be coated with either 3-(triethoxysilyl-)propylamine (TESPA) or poly-L-lysine for in situ hybridization.
這個拼法也被記錄為下列字的變化形：
資料來源：英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary（CC BY-SA 4.0）。 原文照列，未經改寫。