核心畫面

The gap between two things squeezed down to almost nothing — near enough to touch, with no room left in between.

兩個東西之間那道空隙被壓到幾乎不存在——伸手就碰得到,中間再也塞不下第三樣東西。closeness 談的就是「那道縫更多收起兩個東西之間那道空隙被壓到幾乎不存在——伸手就碰得到,中間再也塞不下第三樣東西。closeness 談的就是「那道縫有多窄」。窄縫裡放什麼都可以:兩棟房子、兩個日期、兩個人、兩個分數、兩個猜測。只要是「中間差很少」,這個字都用得上。也因為縫窄,好處和壞處同時來——親密感來自它,被說中要害的不舒服也來自它。

From the word’s history

close comes from Latin claudere, 'to shut'. Things that are shut in together have no space between them — which is exactly how 'shut' turned into 'near'.

close 來自拉丁文 claudere「關上」(經古法文 clos)。這條線索很有用:東西一旦被關進同一個空間、圈在一起,中間自然就沒有距離了——「關起來」就這樣變成了「靠得很近」。知道這一點,後面幾個乍看不相干的用法(悶熱的房間、守口如瓶的人、捨不得花錢)就不再突兀,它們走的是「關上」那條原路,沒有轉進「近」。

Wiktionary / Online Etymology Dictionary:close ← Old French clos ← Latin clausus,claudere(關上)的過去分詞

Eight branches

空間上的近

這一家是核心畫面本身,還沒有任何比喻:量得出來的那道窄縫。

physical nearness · noun · C1

The fact of being near in space; how little distance there is between people or things.

接近/靠近

時間上的近

把核心那道窄縫從空間搬到時間軸上:中間隔的不是公尺,是天數或小時。

nearness in time · noun · C1

The fact of being near in time; how little time there is between two events or a named time.

時間接近

人與人之間的近

人和人之間也有一道縫:客套、不熟、不聯絡都是空隙。空隙被壓掉,就是這一家在講的事。

emotional intimacy · noun · C1

The warm feeling of liking or loving someone very much, and knowing them well.

親密

差距小、幾乎相同

這一家把窄縫換成「兩個值之間的差」:差得少,就叫近。

numerical closeness · noun · C1

The fact that a number or amount is only a little higher or lower than another number or amount.

數值接近

差一點就……

這一家窄的是「你」和「某個結果」之間的距離:已經到手邊了,卻沒有真的跨過去。

near miss, almost achieving · noun · C1

The fact of very nearly getting, finding, or reaching something you have been trying for.

幾乎達成

近到讓人不舒服

距離一旦近過某個界線,感覺就翻面了:同一道窄縫從溫暖變成壓迫。

uncomfortably near, danger · noun · C1

The fact that something happens near enough to make you feel nervous or afraid.

近得讓人不安

貼近去看的專注

把臉湊近,細節才看得見;於是「近」被借去描述注意力有多集中。

careful attention · noun · C1

The quality of looking at, thinking about, or watching something with great care, so small details are not missed.

仔細;密切(關注)

關起來、不留空隙(走「關上」那條老路)

這一家不是從「近」比喻出去的,而是直接沿用 close 更早的意思「關上的」。硬要用「兩個東西很近」去解釋悶熱的房間或吝嗇的人,會解釋不通。

tightness, compactness · noun · C1

The fact of having little or no space around something or between things.

緊密;狹窄

原始詞典資料6 筆記錄

以下是外部詞典記錄的用法,原文照列,我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的;有些用法可能上面已經講過了。

closenessnoun/ˈkləʊs.nəs/

  • 1

    The state of being close (all senses).

  • 2

    The state of being friends.

  • 3

    The state of being mean or stingy.

  • 4

    The state of being secretive.

  • 5

    mathematicssciencesThe shortest path between two vertices in a graph.

  • 6

    archaicSolitude, seclusion.

    • I thus neglecting worldly ends, all dedicated / To closeness and the bettering of my mind [...]

資料來源:英文維基詞典 English WiktionaryCC BY-SA 4.0)。 原文照列,未經改寫。