空間上的近
這一家是核心畫面本身,還沒有任何比喻:量得出來的那道窄縫。
physical nearness · noun · C1
The fact of being near in space; how little distance there is between people or things.
接近/靠近
The gap between two things squeezed down to almost nothing — near enough to touch, with no room left in between.
close comes from Latin claudere, 'to shut'. Things that are shut in together have no space between them — which is exactly how 'shut' turned into 'near'.
close 來自拉丁文 claudere「關上」(經古法文 clos)。這條線索很有用:東西一旦被關進同一個空間、圈在一起,中間自然就沒有距離了——「關起來」就這樣變成了「靠得很近」。知道這一點,後面幾個乍看不相干的用法(悶熱的房間、守口如瓶的人、捨不得花錢)就不再突兀,它們走的是「關上」那條原路,沒有轉進「近」。
Wiktionary / Online Etymology Dictionary:close ← Old French clos ← Latin clausus,claudere(關上)的過去分詞
Eight branches
空間上的近
這一家是核心畫面本身,還沒有任何比喻:量得出來的那道窄縫。
physical nearness · noun · C1
The fact of being near in space; how little distance there is between people or things.
接近/靠近
時間上的近
把核心那道窄縫從空間搬到時間軸上:中間隔的不是公尺,是天數或小時。
nearness in time · noun · C1
The fact of being near in time; how little time there is between two events or a named time.
時間接近
人與人之間的近
人和人之間也有一道縫:客套、不熟、不聯絡都是空隙。空隙被壓掉,就是這一家在講的事。
emotional intimacy · noun · C1
The warm feeling of liking or loving someone very much, and knowing them well.
親密
差距小、幾乎相同
這一家把窄縫換成「兩個值之間的差」:差得少,就叫近。
numerical closeness · noun · C1
The fact that a number or amount is only a little higher or lower than another number or amount.
數值接近
差一點就……
這一家窄的是「你」和「某個結果」之間的距離:已經到手邊了,卻沒有真的跨過去。
near miss, almost achieving · noun · C1
The fact of very nearly getting, finding, or reaching something you have been trying for.
幾乎達成
近到讓人不舒服
距離一旦近過某個界線,感覺就翻面了:同一道窄縫從溫暖變成壓迫。
uncomfortably near, danger · noun · C1
The fact that something happens near enough to make you feel nervous or afraid.
近得讓人不安
貼近去看的專注
把臉湊近,細節才看得見;於是「近」被借去描述注意力有多集中。
careful attention · noun · C1
The quality of looking at, thinking about, or watching something with great care, so small details are not missed.
仔細;密切(關注)
關起來、不留空隙(走「關上」那條老路)
這一家不是從「近」比喻出去的,而是直接沿用 close 更早的意思「關上的」。硬要用「兩個東西很近」去解釋悶熱的房間或吝嗇的人,會解釋不通。
tightness, compactness · noun · C1
The fact of having little or no space around something or between things.
緊密;狹窄
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法,原文照列,我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的;有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
closenessnoun/ˈkləʊs.nəs/
The state of being close (all senses).
The state of being friends.
The state of being mean or stingy.
The state of being secretive.
mathematicssciencesThe shortest path between two vertices in a graph.
archaicSolitude, seclusion.
資料來源:英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary(CC BY-SA 4.0)。 原文照列,未經改寫。