圈子外的人與時代
這一組最接近字源：被指的人只是站在說話者的圈子外面。
adjective · C1
Wild and not civilized: used of people, places or times that the speaker sees as having no laws, learning or art.
野蠻的；未開化的
核心畫面
You can think of barbarous as a word spoken from inside a circle about someone standing outside it. The circle is whatever the speaker counts as civilized: their laws, their learning, their language, their manners. Anything beyond the line gets this word, and the word carries the speaker's low opinion with it. So it stretches in three directions: people outside the circle are called uncivilized, acts that the circle finds shocking are called cruel, and writing that breaks the circle's rules is called impure. The line, not the people, is what the word is really describing.
「barbarous」可以想成一個站在圈子裡的人，在講圈子外面的人。圈子是說話者心中的文明：他們的法律、學問、語言、…更多收起
「barbarous」可以想成一個站在圈子裡的人，在講圈子外面的人。圈子是說話者心中的文明：他們的法律、學問、語言、規矩。只要越過那條線，就被貼上這個字，而且一定帶著看不起。所以這個字往三個方向延伸：圈外的人被說成未開化，圈裡覺得看不下去的行為被說成殘暴，不照規矩寫的文字被說成不純正。真正被這個字描述出來的，其實是那條線本身，而不是被指的那些人。From the word’s history
Wiktionary gives the route as Late Middle English, from Latin barbarus meaning foreigner or savage, from Ancient Greek barbaros meaning foreign or strange. The oldest picture is simply someone whose speech you cannot follow, and that is why the same word can end up meaning uncivilized, cruel, and, of language, impure.
依 Wiktionary，這個字來自晚期中古英語，源頭是拉丁文 barbarus（外地人、野蠻人），再往上是古希臘文 bárbaros（外來的、陌生的）。最早的畫面只是「講話我聽不懂的人」。從這個起點往外走，就能理解它為什麼同時能表示未開化、殘暴，以及語言不純正這三件事。
Wiktionary entry for barbarous, etymology_text supplied in this packet (source_ref kaikki:3f6f69a190036ae4:959333978:10029)
Three branches
圈子裡看不下去的行為
同一條線換個用法：不再指人住在哪裡，而是指某件事做得超出文明能接受的範圍。
adjective · C1
Extremely cruel, in a way that shocks people.
殘暴的；慘無人道的
不照規矩寫的語言
回到最早的畫面：講出來、寫出來的東西不合圈內那一套標準，聽起來像外人。
adjective · C2
Of language: not pure or classical; full of forms that the writer treats as wrong or badly formed.
（語言）不純正的；不合規範的