核心畫面

Picture a rope with two people pulling the ends. Loose, it hangs in a curve; pulled hard enough, the curve disappears and the rope becomes one straight, firm line that springs back when you flick it. Every use of taut can be thought of as that line, moved onto something else — a face holding a feeling in, a muscle under the skin, a film with no wasted scenes, a ship where nothing is left lying about. The word never names what is being held; it names the fact that nothing is left slack.

可以想成一條繩子,兩個人各拉一端。鬆的時候它垂成一個彎;拉夠力,那個彎就不見了,繩子變成一條又直又硬的線,用手指彈它更多收起可以想成一條繩子,兩個人各拉一端。鬆的時候它垂成一個彎;拉夠力,那個彎就不見了,繩子變成一條又直又硬的線,用手指彈它還會彈回來。taut 的每一個意思,都可以想成把這條線搬到別的東西上:一張壓著情緒的臉、皮膚底下的肌肉、一部沒有廢戲的電影、一艘沒有東西亂放的船。這個字從來不說被撐住的是什麼,它說的是「沒有一處是鬆的」。

From the word’s history

Wiktionary traces the adjective to Middle English taught / Early Middle English tohte, meaning strained, stretched, tight, firm, and suggests it probably comes from tough. The oldest recorded sense is already the stretched one, which is why it sits at the centre here.

Wiktionary 記載這個形容詞來自中古英語的 taught,更早的形式是 tohte,意思是「被拉緊的、繃著的、緊的、結實的」,並推測它可能來自 tough(強韌)。最早被記錄下來的意思就已經是「拉緊」,所以把它放在中心。要注意詞源書寫的是 probably(可能),不是確定。

Wiktionary (kaikki extract, source_ref kaikki:3f6f69a190036ae4:812536704:40407) — Middle English taught, Early Middle English tohte/towehte "strained, stretched; distended; tight; firm", probably from tough.

Three branches

拉到沒有鬆的東西

這一家就是核心畫面本身,還沒搬到任何比喻上。

adjective · B2

Pulled or stretched so tight that no loose or hanging part is left; a taut rope, wire, string or piece of cloth is firm and straight and does not sag.

繃緊的

繃在人身上

把那條線搬到人身上:一個是情緒撐著臉,一個是運動撐著肌肉。兩個都是從外面看得出來的「實」。

adjective · C1

Showing that someone is worried, angry or under strain and cannot relax. A taut face, voice or smile looks or sounds tight and held in; the word can also describe the person, or the silence in a room.

緊繃

抽掉多餘的東西

同樣是「沒有鬆的地方」,但這次被拉緊的不是東西也不是人,而是人做出來的安排——一部作品,或一套運作方式。

adjective · C1

A taut book, film, play, piece of writing or piece of music is tightly made and exciting: nothing unnecessary is left in, so it holds your attention the whole way through.

緊湊

原始詞典資料9 筆記錄

以下是外部詞典記錄的用法,原文照列,我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的;有些用法可能上面已經講過了。

tautadj/tɔːt/

  • 1

    Of a body, muscle, etc., not flabby; firm, toned.

    • I watched him from the side as he strode along. His walk was quite different; his face too looked tauter.
    • In a sense, Michelangelo's David is everything his Bacchus was not: firmly in control of himself while the god of wine was teetering on the brink of dissolution; his senses heightened while Bacchus's are dulled. Where one is taut, the other is flaccid. David's toned, athletic body contrasts with Bacchus's effeminate form, illustrating the dichotomy in Michelangelo's mind between the active masculine force and the passive feminine.
  • 2

    Of a person, having a lean, strong body.

  • 3

    Of music, writing, etc., containing only relevant parts; brief and controlled.

    • If he curbs his swing a little and gets something crisper and tauter in his methods he may yet be very good.
    • The superbly crafted suspense thriller that director Jonathan Demme has made from Thomas Harris's taut best-selling novel The Silence of the Lambs slams you like a sudden blast of bone-chilling, pulse-pounding terror.
  • 4

    Under tension, like a stretched bowstring, rope, or sail; tight.

    • The pressure pad which holds the film taut as it passes the reproducing light beam must apply just the right amount of pressure.
    • The hawser was as taut as a bowstring, and the current so strong she pulled upon her anchor. All around the hull, in the blackness, the rippling current bubbled and chattered like a little mountain stream.
  • 5

    Experiencing anxiety or stress.

    • His outward appearance was calm, but inside he was very taut.
  • 6

    nauticaltransportOf a sailor, ship, etc., neat and well-disciplined.

    • [O]ur friend was a hearty toper in the days of his Whiggery, but no sooner turned one of the tautest of Tories, than he took to the tea-pot. It seems a thing against nature.
    • [T]he astonished boy looked round him, and wondered if this could really be the trim, taut ship he had read of. The deck was so encumbered with foul-smelling casks, coils of rope, and masses of rubbish, that there was no room to move; and Jack felt at a loss where to fly to be out of the way of the busy, swearing crew.
  • 7

    nauticaltransportOf a sailor, ship, etc., neat and well-disciplined.

  • 8

    beveragesfoodlifestyleStrong; uncompromising.

    • Yet the 2016 Éxilé rosé from Lise et Bertrand Jousset in the Loire Valley, made mostly of gamay, was yeasty let light and lithe, while the 2016 Indigeno from Ancarani in Emilia-Romagna, made of trebbiano, was taut and earthy.

tautverb/tɔːt/

  • 1

    To make taut; to tauten, to tighten.

    • The machine is operated by a double friction drum hoist. From the rear drum a steel cable, called the tension cable, leads to a set of fall blocks attached to the mast pole. These blocks afford a means for slackening and tauting the track cable, one end of which is supported by the fall blocks and the other fastened to a "dead man" or other suitable anchorage planted in the bank of the pit opposite the dumping point.
    • The cold wind blew in again through the front door, and with a desperate, frantic energy Evelyn stretched both her arms around the bowl. She must be quick—she must be strong. She tightened her arms until they ached, tauted the thin strips of muscle under her soft flesh, and with a mighty effort raised it and held it.

資料來源:英文維基詞典 English WiktionaryCC BY-SA 4.0)。 原文照列,未經改寫。