核心畫面

Picture an order that has already been given, with no space left after it to say `maybe later`. That shape is what runs through this word: something is put to you as a command, not as a choice. Sometimes the order comes from a person (`Stand up!` — grammar's imperative), sometimes it comes from the situation itself (a leaking roof before a typhoon). English uses the same word for both, because from where you stand they feel identical: there is no version of the next hour in which you do not deal with it.

可以想成一道已經下達的命令,後面沒有留任何空間讓你說「再看看」。這個形狀貫穿整個字:某件事是以命令的形式擺在你面前,更多收起可以想成一道已經下達的命令,後面沒有留任何空間讓你說「再看看」。這個形狀貫穿整個字:某件事是以命令的形式擺在你面前,不是以選項的形式。有時候命令來自一個人(Stand up! 就是文法上的祈使句),有時候命令來自處境本身(颱風前一個漏水的屋頂)。英文用同一個字涵蓋這兩種,是因為站在當事人的位置上,兩者的感覺一模一樣:接下來這段時間,沒有一個版本是你可以不處理它的。

Two branches

處境下的命令:非做不可

沒有人開口,但情勢本身把事情變成命令。這一組是這個字在日常英文裡的主場:從「這件事非做不可」(形容詞),到「這件非做不可的事」(名詞),再到「那股推著人非這樣做不可的力量」。

urgent · adjective · B2

So important that it must be dealt with at once.

極重要的;勢在必行的

文法裡的命令:祈使句

這一組是同一個畫面被文法學家拿去當專有名詞。命令這件事在英文裡有固定的長相——動詞用原形、主詞不出現(Come here.、Don't touch that.)——文法就用這個字替那個長相命名。

command verb form · noun · B2

The form of a verb that is used for giving orders.

祈使語氣;命令式

原始詞典資料7 筆記錄

以下是外部詞典記錄的用法,原文照列,我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的;有些用法可能上面已經講過了。

imperativeadj/ɪmˈpɛɹ.ə.tɪv/

  • 1

    Essential; crucial; extremely important.

    • That you come here right now is imperative.
    • Meantime, alterations at King William Street had become imperative, and by December 22, 1895, the station had been remodelled, as at Stockwell, to provide an island platform with lines each side, and a scissors crossing.
  • 2

    grammarhuman-scienceslinguisticsOf, or relating to the imperative mood.

  • 3

    computingcomputing-theoryengineeringHaving semantics that incorporates mutable variables.

  • 4

    Expressing a command; authoritatively or absolutely directive.

    • imperative orders
    • The suits of kings are imperative.

imperativenoun/ɪmˈpɛɹ.ə.tɪv/

  • 1

    grammarhuman-scienceslinguisticsThe grammatical mood expressing an order (see jussive). In English, the imperative form of a verb is the same as that of the bare infinitive.

    • The verbs in sentences like "Do it!" and "Say what you like!" are in the imperative.
  • 2

    grammarhuman-scienceslinguisticsA verb in the imperative mood.

  • 3

    An essential action, a must: something which is imperative.

    • Visiting Berlin is an imperative.
    • Anything grandiose or historically based tends to sound flat and banal when it reaches English, partly because translators get stuck between contradictory imperatives: juggling fidelity to the original sense with what is vocally viable, they tend to resort to a genteel fustian which lacks either poetic resonance or demotic realism, adding to a sense of artificiality rather than enhancing credibility.

資料來源:英文維基詞典 English WiktionaryCC BY-SA 4.0)。 原文照列,未經改寫。