先拿走結論：在證據到齊前就當作是真的
這一支是把「提前拿」用在想法上：你拿走的是結論。三個意思差別只在你憑什麼先拿、以及拿完之後做什麼——憑生活常識拿（推測）、憑法律規定拿（推定）、拿了之後拿它當地基蓋東西（預設）。
presume, assume · verb · C1
To believe a fact is probably true, even though you do not know it for sure.
推測
核心畫面
One way to picture it: you take something in advance — before the proof arrives, you reach out and grab the answer, then act as if you already have it.
拉丁字根 prae-（在前面）+ sūmere（拿），也就是「提前把東西拿走」。證據還沒到，你已經先把答案抓在手上，…更多收起
拉丁字根 prae-（在前面）+ sūmere（拿），也就是「提前把東西拿走」。證據還沒到，你已經先把答案抓在手上，然後就照著這個答案行動了。整個字的張力都在這裡——這個「先拿」有時候很合理（線索夠多，你合理推測），有時候就變成沒禮貌（你根本沒有那個資格，卻先拿了）。同一個動作，看你拿的是「結論」還是「別人的東西或善意」。From the word’s history
Latin praesūmere = prae- (before) + sūmere (to take): literally 'to take beforehand'. Every modern sense is still someone taking something in advance of the entitlement to take it — a conclusion before the evidence, a right before the permission.
praesūmere 由 prae-（在…之前）加 sūmere（拿、取）組成，字面就是「提前拿走」。現代的每個用法其實都還在做同一件事：在「還沒有資格拿」的時候先拿了——推測是在證據到齊前先拿走結論，擅自是在得到允許前先拿走行動的權利。認出這個「提前拿」，五個意思就串成一條線。
Wiktionary（presume 詞條）：From Middle English presumen, from Anglo-Norman presumer, from Latin praesūmere ("to take beforehand, anticipate"), from prae- + sūmere ("to take").
Two branches
先拿走權利：沒有那個資格卻先動手
同一個「提前拿」，但拿的不再是結論，而是別人的權利、時間或善意。因為你拿的是本來要對方點頭才給的東西，這一支天生帶著失禮的味道——語氣偏正式、偏書面，通常出現在你要指出對方越線的時候。
presume, act presumptuously · verb · C1
To do something you have no right to do, in a way that shows little respect.
擅自
原始詞典資料5 筆記錄
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法，原文照列，我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的；有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
presumeverb/pɹɪˈzjuːm/
- 1
To be so presumptuous as (to do something) without proper authority or permission [with to (+ infinitive)].
- I don't want to pretend to be an authority on this line of business, so I would never presume to tell you how to run your own company.
- There were no women at the birth of the International Gay Association in Coventry, England in 1978. The men there decided they would like lesbians to join; they would not presume to formulate aims for them but would adjust the organization if and when women joined it.
- 2
archaicTo perform, do (something) without authority; to lay claim to without permission.
- Don't make the decision yourself and presume too much.
- 3
To assume or suggest to be true (without proof); to take for granted, to suppose.
- Paw-prints in the snow allow us to presume a visit from next door's cat.
- Dr. Livingstone, I presume?
- 4
To take as a premise; to assume for the sake of argument.
- If we presume that human cloning may one day become a mundane, everyday reality, then maybe it's time to start thinking more positively about our soon-to-arrive genetically engineered pseudo-siblings.
- 5
To impose (on) for one's advantage; to be presumptuous; to take advantage (of); to take liberties (with) [with on or upon].
- Thanks, but I can't accept the money; I would not want to presume on the generosity of a stranger'
- Presume not on thy heart when mine is slain; Thou gavest me thine, not to give back again.
資料來源：英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary（CC BY-SA 4.0）。 原文照列，未經改寫。