核心畫面

One way to picture it: a small sharp point fixed at the rider's heel. When the rider presses it into the horse's side, the horse jumps forward. It is a tiny thing that produces a sudden burst of movement — and it also just sticks out, a point projecting from a bigger body.

騎馬靴後跟上那個小小的尖刺。它本身很小,但騎士腳跟一夾,馬立刻往前衝——一個尖端,一下刺激,換來一股突然的前進。從這更多收起騎馬靴後跟上那個小小的尖刺。它本身很小,但騎士腳跟一夾,馬立刻往前衝——一個尖端,一下刺激,換來一股突然的前進。從這個畫面往外長,可以看到兩件事:一是「戳一下就動起來」的推力,二是「從主體上突出來的一個尖」。英文裡 spur 的各種用法,多半是在這兩件事之間走動。

From the word’s history

The noun goes back to Old English spora / spura, from Proto-Germanic *spurô, tied to a Proto-Indo-European root *sperH- meaning 'to kick'. The kicking heel is right there in the word's history — which is why the modern core keeps that sense of a heel-jab that sets something moving.

這個名詞來自古英語 spora / spura,上溯到原始日耳曼語 *spurô,再往上是原始印歐語 *sperH-(踢)。也就是說,「用腳跟踢」這個動作本來就寫在這個字的身世裡;現代 spur 保留的「戳一下、催一下就往前」的感覺,正是從那個踢的動作延續下來的。

Wiktionary, entry 'spur' (Etymology 1, from Old English spora/spura < PGmc *spurô < PIE *sperH- 'to kick')

Three branches

馬刺本身:尖刺與催馬

這一族就是字面上的馬刺:實物的尖刺,以及用它催馬前進的那個動作。核心畫面在這裡是照字面理解的,沒有轉喻。

spur, riding spur · noun · C2

A small sharp point on the back of a rider's boot, used to make a horse go faster.

馬刺

推一把:讓人或事動起來

馬刺的功能是「一戳就加速」;把這個功能抽出來,套到人的動機和事情的進展上,就是這一族。

spur, motivate · verb · C2

To make someone want to do something, or to give them the push they need to start or keep going.

激勵

突出來的一段:地形與路線

馬刺除了會刺,外形本來就是「從靴跟突出來的一小截」。把這個外形借去看山和鐵路,就得到這一族。

spur, a ridge of land · noun · C2

A piece of high land that sticks out from the side of a hill or mountain.

山嘴

原始詞典資料30 筆記錄

以下是外部詞典記錄的用法,原文照列,我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的;有些用法可能上面已經講過了。

Spurname

  • 1

    An occupational surname from Middle English

Spurnoun

  • 1

    ball-gamesgameshobbiessomeone connected with Tottenham Hotspur FC, as a fan, player, coach etc.

spurnoun詞源 1/spɜː/

  • 1

    A rigid implement, often roughly y-shaped, that is fixed to one's heel for the purpose of prodding a horse. Often worn by, and emblematic of, the cowboy or the knight.

    • Lives he, good uncle? thrice within this hour I saw him down; thrice up again, and fighting; From helmet to the spur all blood he was.
    • Tvvo ſorts of ſpurs ſeem to have been in uſe about the time of the Conqueſt, one called a pryck, having only a ſingle point like the gaffle of a fighting cock; the other conſiſting of a number of points of a conſiderable length, radiating from and revolving on a center, thence named the rouelle or vvheel ſpur.
  • 2

    A jab given with the spurs.

    • I had hardly said the word, when Kit jumped into the saddle, and gave his horse a whip and a spur — and off it cantered, as if it were in as great a hurry to be married as Kit himself.
  • 3

    Anything that inspires or motivates, as a spur does a horse.

    • She is a theame of honour and renowne, / A ſpurre to valiant and magnanimous deeds, / Whoſe preſent courage may beate downe our foes, / And fame in time to come canonize us, [...]
  • 4

    An appendage or spike pointing rearward, near the foot, for instance that of a rooster.

  • 5

    Any protruding part connected at one end, for instance a highway that extends from another highway into a city.

  • 6

    Roots, tree roots.

    • […] the strong-bas'd promontory / Have I made shake; and by the spurs pluck'd up / The pine and cedar […]
    • I do note / That grief and patience, rooted in them both, / Mingle their spurs together.
  • 7

    geographygeologynatural-sciencesA mountain that shoots from another mountain or range and extends some distance in a lateral direction, or at right angles.

    • But a narrow spur of rocks arched out and over the hole, ending in an outcrop perhaps a hundred feet across.
  • 8

    A spiked iron worn by seamen upon the bottom of the boot, to enable them to stand upon the carcass of a whale to strip off the blubber.

另外 11 個記錄的用法
  • 9

    businesscarpentryconstructionA brace strengthening a post and some connected part, such as a rafter or crossbeam; a strut.

  • 10

    architectureThe short wooden buttress of a post.

  • 11

    architectureA projection from the round base of a column, occupying the angle of a square plinth upon which the base rests, or bringing the bottom bed of the base to a nearly square form. It is generally carved in leafage.

  • 12

    Ergotized rye or other grain.

  • 13

    A wall in a fortification that crosses a part of a rampart and joins to an inner wall.

  • 14

    businessmanufacturingshipbuildingA piece of timber fixed on the bilgeways before launching, having the upper ends bolted to the vessel's side.

  • 15

    businessmanufacturingshipbuildingA curved piece of timber serving as a half to support the deck where a whole beam cannot be placed.

  • 16

    businessminingA branch of a vein.

  • 17

    rail-transportrailwaystransportA very short branch line of a railway line.

  • 18

    transportA short branch road of a motorway, freeway or major road.

  • 19

    biologybotanynatural-sciencesA short thin side shoot from a branch, especially one that bears fruit or, in conifers, the shoots that bear the leaves.

spurverb詞源 1/spɜː/

  • 1

    To prod (especially a horse) on the side or flank, with the intent to urge motion or haste, to gig.

    • Draw, archers, draw your arrows to the head! Spur your proud horses hard, and ride in blood; Amaze the welkin with your broken staves!
  • 2

    To urge or encourage to action, or to a more vigorous pursuit of an object

    • My desire / (More sharp than filed steel) did spur me forth...
    • But the latest Santa Fe development, while not spurring the Rock Island to any further acceleration, has drawn fire from a totally unexpected quarter.
  • 3

    To put spurs on.

    • to spur boots
  • 4

    To press forward; to travel in great haste.

  • 5

    To form a spur (senses 17-18 of the noun)

    • It spurs off the Robin Hood line, providing ten miles of single-line test track with a three-mile double section, capable of testing up to 75mph.

spurnoun詞源 2/spɜː/

  • 1

    A tern.

spurnoun詞源 3/spɜː/

  • 1

    businesselectrical-engineeringelectricityA spurious tone, one that interferes with a signal in a circuit and is often masked underneath that signal.

spurnoun詞源 4/spɜː/

  • 1

    The track of an animal, such as an otter; a spoor.

這個拼法也被記錄為下列字的變化形:

資料來源:英文維基詞典 English WiktionaryCC BY-SA 4.0)。 原文照列,未經改寫。