一起做同一件事
這一家就是字根的直接落地:一起出力,共同完成一件作品或一項研究。
work together · verb · C1
To join with another person or group and work toward the same goal, especially in science, art, or study.
合作
One way to hold it: two people carrying the same load together — labour shared, with the work pointing at one goal. The picture says nothing about whether that goal is good.
From Late Latin collaborare, from com- 'together' + laborare 'to work' (from labor 'labour'); English borrowed it in the 19th century, partly as a back-formation from collaborator.
來自晚期拉丁文 collabōrāre,拆開就是 com-(一起)+ labōrāre(勞動、工作,來自 labor)。所以這個字字面上就是「一起做工」,英語在十九世紀才借進來,一部分是從 collaborator 反推出來的。字根裡只有「一起出力」,沒有任何褒貶——這正好解釋了為什麼同一個字既可以是研究室裡的合作,也可以是戰時的通敵。
Wiktionary (collaborate; Late Latin collabōrāre, com- + labōrāre)
Two branches
一起做同一件事
這一家就是字根的直接落地:一起出力,共同完成一件作品或一項研究。
work together · verb · C1
To join with another person or group and work toward the same goal, especially in science, art, or study.
合作
與敵人一起做事
不是另一個字根,而是核心畫面在特定歷史情境下被固定下來的用法:二戰期間指與佔領軍合作的人,久了就帶上強烈負面色彩。
aid an occupying enemy · verb · C1
To help a country that is fighting a war against your own, especially after it has taken control of your land.
通敵
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法,原文照列,我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的;有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
collaborateverb/kəˈlæb.ə.ɹeɪt/
To work together with others to achieve a common goal.
To voluntarily cooperate treasonably, as with an enemy occupation force in one's country.
資料來源:英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary(CC BY-SA 4.0)。 原文照列,未經改寫。