核心畫面

Think of a line of things moving in one direction. Pick any one of them, then look at what is walking in front of it. That thing ahead is the antecedent. The line can be made of years, of family members, of words in a sentence, or of numbers in a ratio — the word does not care what the line is made of. It only ever points at the one in front.

可以想成一列往同一個方向走的東西。你先挑一個,然後往前看。走在它前面的那一個,就是 antecedent。有意思的地更多收起可以想成一列往同一個方向走的東西。你先挑一個,然後往前看。走在它前面的那一個,就是 antecedent。有意思的地方在於,這一列可以是什麼都行。可以是一串年份,那走在前面的就是更早的事件。可以是一家人,那前面的就是祖先。可以是一句話裡的詞,那前面的就是代名詞指回去的先行詞。也可以是一個比例裡的兩個數字,那前面的就是前項。這個字從頭到尾只做一件事:指出「排在前面的那一個」。至於那一列是什麼做的,它不管。

From the word’s history

From Latin antecēdēns 'going before', from antecēdō 'to precede': ante- (before) + cēdō (go). The modern senses are that phrase applied to different kinds of sequence.

這個字的來歷跟它現在的畫面完全對得上。它經由中古英語和古法文,來自拉丁文 antecēdēns,意思就是「走在前面」:ante-(在前)加上 cēdō(走)。所以它本來就不是在描述某一種東西,而是在描述一個位置。後來不管搬到歷史、家族、文法、邏輯還是數學裡,它做的都還是同一件事——指認走在前面的那一個。

Wiktionary entries supplied in this packet (source_refs kaikki:3f6f69a190036ae4:101049389:9057 and kaikki:3f6f69a190036ae4:101058446:27906): 'From Middle English antecedent, borrowed from Old French antecedent, from Latin antecēdēns (going before), from antecēdō (to precede; excel; surpass).'

Two branches

時間上走在前面的人和事

這一支的隊伍是時間。走在前面的,就是更早發生的事、更早存在的東西,或更早活過的人。

noun · C1

An earlier thing of the same kind as the one you are talking about: an event, organization, machine, or idea that came before it, and that it grew out of or looks like.

前身、先例

順序上排在前面的那一個

同一個畫面換到句子、推論和算式裡。這裡的「前」不一定是時間,而是順序:誰先出現,誰就是 antecedent。後面那一個,在邏輯和數學裡都叫 consequent。

noun · C1

In grammar, the word, phrase, or sentence that a later word stands for. In 'Mei lost her keys and found them at school', the antecedent of 'them' is 'her keys'.

先行詞