超出的量
這一組把 excess 用在「量」上：東西比需要或允許的還多，多出來的那一塊就是 excess。核心的「溢出界線」在這裡是看得見、算得出的份量。
surplus amount · noun · C1
An amount of something that is more than you need or more than is allowed.
過量／多餘的部分
核心畫面
Picture a "just enough" line — what you need, what's allowed, what your body can take. Excess is the part that spills past that line: the extra, the more-than-needed, the gone-too-far. Whether it's a spare stack of paper, overweight luggage, or behaviour taken too far, the picture is the same: something has pushed out beyond where it should have stopped.
可以想成有一條「剛剛好」的線——需要多少、規定多少、身體能承受多少，就到那條線為止。excess 講的是「越過那條線…更多收起
可以想成有一條「剛剛好」的線——需要多少、規定多少、身體能承受多少，就到那條線為止。excess 講的是「越過那條線、溢出來的那一塊」：多出來、用不到、或已經過頭的部分。無論是多餘的一疊紙、超重的行李，還是玩過了頭的行為，畫面都是同一個：東西衝出了本來該停的地方。From the word’s history
From Latin excedere: ex- "out" + cedere "to go" — literally "to go beyond." The word has carried "crossing the line" from the start, whether the line is a quantity or a limit on behaviour.
excess 來自拉丁文 excedere，ex-（向外）＋ cedere（走），字面是「走出去、走過頭」。所以這個字從根上就帶著「越過界線」的動作——今天無論指多出來的量，還是過分的行為，核心畫面都還是「跨出了本來該停的那條線」。
etymonline.com/word/excess
Two branches
行為上的過頭
同一條「界線」換到行為和分寸上：一個人做某件事做過了頭、超出大家覺得合理或能接受的範圍，那份「過頭」也叫 excess。從「量的溢出」延伸成「行為的越界」。
to excess · noun · C1
Used in the phrase 'to excess' to mean doing something too much or too often, in a way that may harm you.
過度（to excess）
原始詞典資料7 筆記錄
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法，原文照列，我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的；有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
excessnoun/ˈɛksɛs/
- 1
The state of surpassing or going beyond a limit; the state of being beyond sufficiency, necessity, or duty; more than what is usual or proper.
- The excess of heavy water was given away to the neighbouring country.
- I leaped up in an excess of enthusiasm.
- 2
The degree or amount by which one thing or number exceeds another; remainder.
- The difference between two numbers is the excess of one over the other.
- 3
An act of eating or drinking more than enough.
- And be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess.
- Fair Angel, thy desire . . . . . . leads to no excess That reaches blame
- 4
geometrymathematicssciencesSpherical excess, the amount by which the sum of the three angles of a spherical triangle exceeds two right angles. The spherical excess is proportional to the area of the triangle.
- 5
businessinsuranceA condition on an insurance policy by which the insured pays for a part of the claim.
excessadj/ˈɛksɛs/
- 1
More than is normal, necessary or specified.
excessverb/ˈɛksɛs/
- 1
To declare (an employee) surplus to requirements, such that he or she might not be given work.
- In 2006, I was excessed because my program had to make a few cuts and a new, inexperienced supervisor decided that he couldn’t handle a knowledgeable older teacher so he removed me.
資料來源：英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary（CC BY-SA 4.0）。 原文照列，未經改寫。