看得見的損壞，與看不見的損壞
兩個意思是同一個畫面的兩層深淺：先是摸得到的東西被弄壞，再往裡挪一層，被弄壞的換成摸不到的東西。
adjective · B2
Causing physical harm to a person, a thing, or the natural world — breaking it, wearing it out, or making it less healthy.
有害的、會造成損害的
核心畫面
Something that leaves a mark on whatever it touches, and the mark is always for the worse. The word points at the cause, never at the thing that was hurt.
可以想成一樣東西經過之後留下了痕跡，而且是變糟的那種痕跡。要注意這個字站在哪一邊：它指的是「造成傷害的那一方」，不是…更多收起
可以想成一樣東西經過之後留下了痕跡，而且是變糟的那種痕跡。要注意這個字站在哪一邊：它指的是「造成傷害的那一方」，不是被傷的那一方。所以主詞通常是陽光、高溫、風雨、一句話；被傷的一方要用 to 帶出來。From the word’s history
Wiktionary gives the word as damage plus -ing, the -ing that makes an adjective meaning causing this, as in boring and tiring. So it names whatever is doing the harm.
Wiktionary 記的組成是 damage 加上 -ing。這個 -ing 造出來的形容詞意思是「會造成這件事的」，跟 boring（讓人無聊的）、tiring（讓人累的）同一條路。所以 damaging 字面上就是「會造成損害的那一方」——這正好解釋了為什麼它的主詞總是原因，而受害者要靠 to 接上去。
Wiktionary (kaikki extract) entry 'damaging', etymology 'From damage + -ing', source_ref kaikki:3f6f69a190036ae4:1103136610:12995, supplied in the evidence packet
One branch
原始詞典資料3 筆記錄
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法，原文照列，我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的；有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
damagingadj/ˈdæmɪd͡ʒɪŋ/
- 1
Causing damage; harmful, injurious.
- One particularly damaging, but often ignored, effect of conflict on education is the proliferation of attacks on schools[…]as children, teachers or school buildings become the targets of attacks. Parents fear sending their children to school. Girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence.
- Heatwaves are especially damaging to children, as they are less able to regulate their body temperature compared to adults, the statement said, adding that the more heatwaves children are exposed to, the greater the chance of health problems including chronic respiratory conditions, asthma, and cardiovascular diseases.
這個拼法也被記錄為下列字的變化形：
資料來源：英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary（CC BY-SA 4.0）。 原文照列，未經改寫。