看得見的損壞（物理的傷）
這一家是核心畫面最素樸的樣子：實實在在、摸得到的破損。名詞是留下的破口，動詞是造成破口的動作。
physical harm · noun · B1
Physical harm done to something so that it is broken or hurt.
損害 / 損壞
核心畫面
You can picture 'damage' as the dent, crack or break left in something after it gets hurt — a smashed phone screen, a scratched car. At heart it's the harm itself: something was whole and working, and now a part of it is broken. As a verb it's the act of leaving that harm; as a noun it's the harm that's left. From physical the same idea stretches to wounds you can't see — to feelings, reputations, plans — and then into law and even a joking way to ask a price.
可以把 damage 想成東西被弄傷之後留下的那道凹痕、裂縫或破口——摔裂的手機螢幕、刮花的車身。它的核心比較像「傷…更多收起
可以把 damage 想成東西被弄傷之後留下的那道凹痕、裂縫或破口——摔裂的手機螢幕、刮花的車身。它的核心比較像「傷害」本身：原本完好、能用的東西，現在有一部分壞掉了。當動詞時，是「造成這道傷」的動作；當名詞時，是「留下來的這道傷」。從看得見的物理破損出發，同樣的概念延伸到看不見的傷——情緒、名聲、計畫——再進到法律賠償，甚至變成一句玩笑式的問價。From the word’s history
From Old French 'damage', from Latin 'damnum' = loss, hurt, harm. The core has always been 'harm/loss done to something'.
源自古法文 damage，再上溯到拉丁文 damnum，意思就是「損失、傷害」。所以這個字從頭到尾的核心畫面都是「對某物造成的損傷或損失」，後面的引申都圍著這個傷打轉。
etymonline / Oxford English Dictionary (damage < Old French < Latin damnum)
Three branches
看不見的傷（情緒、名聲、抽象事物）
把「弄出破口」這個畫面從實體挪到摸不到的東西上：心理、名聲、計畫一樣會被「弄傷」。傷還是傷，只是這次破的不是物體。
emotional harm · noun · B1
Harm done to someone's feelings or mind.
傷害 / 創傷
從「傷」延伸出的固定用法
這一家是核心的「傷」被慣用語和制度收編後的樣子：法律上要為傷付的錢、講「傷已造成」的固定說法、以及拿「傷」開玩笑問價錢。
court damages · noun · B1
Money that a court tells someone to pay because they hurt another person or their property.
賠償金
原始詞典資料5 筆記錄
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法，原文照列，我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的；有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
damagenoun/ˈdæmɪd͡ʒ/
- 1
Injury or harm; the condition or measure of something not being intact.
- the damage is already done
- The storm did a lot of damage to the area.
- 2
slangCost or expense.
- "What's the damage?" he asked the waiter.
damageverb/ˈdæmɪd͡ʒ/
- 1
To impair the soundness, goodness, or value of; to harm or cause destruction.
- Be careful not to damage any of the fragile items while unpacking them.
- Cold temperatures, heavy rain, falling rocks, strong winds and glacier movement can damage the equipment.
- 2
obsoleteTo undergo damage; to take damage.
- 3
To remove a damaged or unsalable item from the sales floor for processing.
- Did you damage the items that the customer returned yet?
資料來源：英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary（CC BY-SA 4.0）。 原文照列，未經改寫。