一群人共享的生活方式與風氣
這一群是把「培育、養成」用在「人」身上：一個社會或團體長期相處，慢慢養出一套共有的想法、做事方式與品味。從整個社會、到一個組織、到藝文活動、到歷史上的某個族群，都是「被一群人養出來、共享的那一套」。
the way of life of a people · noun · B1
The beliefs, way of life, art, and customs shared by a group of people.
文化
核心畫面
At the root of 'culture' is the idea of growing and nurturing something so it develops into a shared, mature whole. From there it splits two ways: a group of people growing a shared way of life, art, and customs together; and, more literally, growing living things — bacteria, cells, or crops. The common thread is cultivation: something is being grown and tended.
可以想成「培育、養成」這個底層動作——把某樣東西細心養著，讓它長成一個共享、成熟的整體。由這裡分成兩條路：一邊是一群…更多收起
可以想成「培育、養成」這個底層動作——把某樣東西細心養著，讓它長成一個共享、成熟的整體。由這裡分成兩條路：一邊是一群人一起「養成」共同的生活方式、藝術與習俗（文化）；另一邊比較字面，是「培育」活的東西——細菌、細胞或作物。共通的線索就是「栽培、養著讓它長」。From the word’s history
Latin 'cultura' / 'colere' = to till, tend, cultivate (the soil), which broadened to tending the mind and society; the agricultural 'growing crops' sense and the 'growing bacteria/cells' sense keep the original literal meaning, while 'way of life / the arts' is the figurative cultivation of people and minds.
拉丁文 cultura / colere 原意是「耕作、照料、培育（土地）」，後來擴大到培育心智與社會。所以「種植作物」「培養菌與細胞」這些用法保留了最原始的字面意思，而「生活方式／藝文」則是把「栽培」用在人與心智上的引申。
Online Etymology Dictionary (etymonline.com), 'culture'
Two branches
培育活的東西（科學與農業）
這一群回到「培育」最字面的意思——真的把活的東西養大。它不是從文化引申過去的，而是和文化共用同一個拉丁字根 colere（耕作、培育）的另一條直系後代：一邊養社會，一邊養作物與細胞。
a lab culture (bacteria or cells) · noun · B1
A group of tiny living things, like bacteria or cells, grown for science or medicine; or the act of growing them.
培養 / 培養物
原始詞典資料13 筆記錄
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法，原文照列，我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的；有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
culturenoun/ˈkʌlt͡ʃə/
- 1
The arts, customs, lifestyles, background, and habits that characterize humankind, or a particular society or nation.
- Castration of bulls was a socialization process that turned a bull into an ox; in this transformation something wild became something very useful; nature became culture.
- Such differences of history and culture have lingering consequences. Almost all the corn and soyabeans grown in America are genetically modified. GM crops are barely tolerated in the European Union. Both America and Europe offer farmers indefensible subsidies, but with different motives.
- 2
The beliefs, values, behaviour, and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.
- I condemn neither way; but culture works differently. It does not try to teach down to the level of inferior classes; it does not try to win them for this or that sect of its own, with ready-made judgments and watchwords. It seeks to do away with classes; to make the best that has been thought and known in the world current everywhere; […]
- 3
The conventional conducts and ideologies of a community; the system comprising the accepted norms and values of a society.
- Few concepts are as emotionally charged as that of race. The word conjures up a mixture of associations—culture, ethnicity, genetics, subjugation, exclusion and persecution.
- 4
anthropologyhuman-sciencessciencesAny knowledge passed from one generation to the next, not necessarily with respect to human beings.
- 5
agriculturebiologybotanyCultivation.
- http://counties.cce.cornell.edu/suffolk/grownet/flowers/sprgbulb.htm The Culture of Spring-Flowering Bulbs
- 6
biologymicrobiologynatural-sciencesThe process of growing a bacterial or other biological entity in an artificial medium.
- 7
The growth thus produced.
- I'm headed to the lab to make sure my cell culture hasn't died.
- 8
A group of bacteria.
另外 2 個記錄的用法
- 9
cartographygeographynatural-sciencesThe details on a map that do not represent natural features of the area delineated, such as names and the symbols for towns, roads, meridians, and parallels.
- 10
Ethnicity, race (and its associated arts, customs, etc.).
cultureverb/ˈkʌlt͡ʃə/
- 1
to maintain in an environment suitable for growth (especially of bacteria) (compare cultivate)
- 2
to increase the artistic or scientific interest (in something) (compare cultivate)
這個拼法也被記錄為下列字的變化形：
資料來源：英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary（CC BY-SA 4.0）。 原文照列，未經改寫。