A subculture is a group inside a larger society that has its own way of living — its own music, clothes, words, rules about what is cool and what is shameful. Punks, skateboarders, biker gangs, hardcore gamers, cosplayers, hip-hop communities: all subcultures.

A subculture is a group inside a larger society是存在於更大社會裡的一個群體 that has its own way of living有自己的一套生活方式 — its own music, clothes, words, rules about what is cool and what is shameful有自己的音樂、服裝、用語，還有一套什麼算酷、什麼算丟臉的規則。Punks, skateboarders, biker gangs, hardcore gamers, cosplayers, hip-hop communities龐克族、滑板族、飆車幫、硬核玩家、角色扮演者、嘻哈社群: all subcultures都是次文化。

The members share the country's main culture too, but they have built something extra on top of it, and often partly against it. That word 'against' matters. A subculture is usually not just a hobby group; there is some sense of standing apart from the mainstream, of belonging to a world that ordinary people do not understand.

The members share the country's main culture too成員們也共享著這個國家的主流文化, but they have built something extra on top of it但他們在那之上又建立了額外的東西, and often partly against it而且常常有一部分是在跟主流文化對著幹。That word 'against' matters「against」（對抗）這個字很關鍵。A subculture is usually not just a hobby group次文化通常不只是一個興趣社團; there is some sense of standing apart from the mainstream而是帶有一種站在主流之外的感覺, of belonging to a world that ordinary people do not understand屬於一個一般人不懂的世界。

Now, the dictionary tells you the word often shows disapproval, and it can — older people and news reports sometimes say 'subculture' the way they might say 'a bad crowd', especially with drugs or crime attached ('a subculture of violence'). But be careful, because that is only half the picture.

Now, the dictionary tells you the word often shows disapproval, and it can字典會告訴你這個字常帶有負面評價，而且確實會有這種用法 — older people and news reports sometimes say 'subculture' the way they might say 'a bad crowd'長輩和新聞報導有時候講「subculture」的口氣，就像在講「一群壞份子」, especially with drugs or crime attached ('a subculture of violence')尤其是跟毒品或犯罪掛勾的時候（例如「a subculture of violence」，暴力次文化）。But be careful, because that is only half the picture但要小心，因為那只是事情的一半。

Among younger people and in writing about music, art and the internet, 'subculture' is warm and admiring; people proudly say they grew up in a subculture. So the feeling depends entirely on who is speaking. Read the sentence around it.

Among younger people and in writing about music, art and the internet在年輕人之間，還有在談音樂、藝術和網路的文章裡, 'subculture' is warm and admiring「subculture」是溫暖、帶點欣賞意味的; people proudly say they grew up in a subculture大家會很驕傲地說自己是在某個次文化裡長大的。So the feeling depends entirely on who is speaking所以這個字給人的感覺，完全要看是誰在講。Read the sentence around it要看前後文才知道。

The word came out of sociology in the mid-twentieth century and still sounds a little academic — it is a word you write more than shout.

The word came out of sociology in the mid-twentieth century這個字源自二十世紀中葉的社會學 and still sounds a little academic聽起來還是有點學術味 — it is a word you write more than shout是個用來寫、而不是用來喊的字。