Picture one tall tree trunk stood on end, with figures up its whole height — a bear low down, a bird at the top, others in between. Two things about that picture matter. The figures mean something: they were cut for a particular family and they record who that family is. And they are stacked, one above another, so the pole has a top and a bottom. English keeps the first thing when it talks about the object itself, and borrows the second when it talks about people.
可以想成一整棵樹立起來，從上到下刻滿了形象：底下一隻熊，頂上一隻鳥，中間還有別的。這張圖有兩件事要留意。第一，這些形象是有所指的——它們是為某個家族刻的，記著那家人是誰。第二，它們是一個疊一個往上排的，所以柱子有上有下。英文講這個東西本身時用的是第一件事；講人的時候借的是第二件事。
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