橫著固定的一根桿子
最貼近原本畫面的一支:一根固定住的桿子,用途看它裝在哪裡——裝在樓梯邊給人扶,裝在牆上給人掛東西,圍成一圈就變成柵欄。
handrail · noun · B1
A bar fixed along or around something to hold on to or to stop you from falling.
欄杆/扶手
You can picture a straight bar fixed between two posts: rigid, going somewhere in one line, and there to hold something — your hand, a coat, a wheel. Almost everything this word does comes from that one bar. Lay two of them parallel on the ground and a train can run along them; put one along a staircase and a hand can hold it; run a set of them round a field and you have fenced it in.
The bar sense comes from Old French raille/reille 'bolt, bar', from Vulgar Latin *regla, from Latin regula 'rule, straight piece of wood' — the same root as rule and regulate, which fits a bar that is straight by definition. The verb 'to complain bitterly' is a different word: from Old French raillier 'to tease or joke', ultimately of imitative origin (Late Latin ragere 'to roar'). They only look alike.
「桿子」這一系來自古法文 raille/reille(門閂、橫桿),源頭是拉丁文 regula「尺、直的木條」——跟 rule(尺、規則)、regulate 同一個字根,正好對上「一根本來就得是直的桿子」這個畫面。至於「痛斥、強烈抱怨」那個 rail,是另一個字:來自古法文 raillier「取笑、嘲弄」,更早可能出自擬聲的 ragere「吼叫」。兩者只是長得一樣。
Online Etymology Dictionary (etymonline.com), entries “rail (n.1)”, “rail (v.1)”, “rail (v.2)”
Four branches
橫著固定的一根桿子
最貼近原本畫面的一支:一根固定住的桿子,用途看它裝在哪裡——裝在樓梯邊給人扶,裝在牆上給人掛東西,圍成一圈就變成柵欄。
handrail · noun · B1
A bar fixed along or around something to hold on to or to stop you from falling.
欄杆/扶手
鐵軌與整套鐵路
把兩根桿子平行鋪在地上,就成了火車的軌道;再由這兩根往外擴,整套運輸系統也叫 rail。桿子還是那根桿子,只是這次撐住的是一列火車的重量和方向。
railway rail · noun · B1
One of the two long metal bars fixed to the ground that a train's wheels run along.
鐵軌
人生像火車在軌道上
從鐵軌再走一步的比喻:軌道讓火車穩穩往前,所以「在軌道上」就是生活正常運作,「脫軌」就是失控。中文的「步上正軌」「脫序」用的是同一個比喻,接起來很快。
go off the rails · noun · B1
To start behaving in a wild or troubled way, losing control of your normal life (in the phrase 'go off the rails').
脫序/走偏
痛斥、破口大罵
這個意思跟桿子沒有關係,是另一個來源的字剛好拼成一樣。要記它,靠句型比靠畫面可靠:它幾乎只出現在 rail against/at 後面接你覺得不公平的那個對象。
rail against something · verb · B1
To complain in a very angry way about something you think is unfair.
痛斥/強烈抱怨
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法,原文照列,我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的;有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
railnoun詞源 1/ɹeɪ(ə)l/
A horizontal bar extending between supports and used for support or as a barrier; a railing.
The metal bar forming part of the track for a railroad.
A railroad; a railway, as a means of transportation.
businesselectrical-engineeringelectricityA conductor maintained at a fixed electrical potential relative to ground, to which other circuit components are connected.
A horizontal piece of wood that serves to separate sections of a door or window.
hobbieslifestylesportsOne of the lengthwise edges of a surfboard.
A vertical section on one side of a web page.
drugsmedicinepharmacologyA large line (portion or serving of a powdery illegal drug).
Each of two vertical side bars supporting the rungs of a ladder.
backgammongamesThe raised edge of the game board.
railverb詞源 1/ɹeɪ(ə)l/
To travel by railway.
rail-transportrailwaystransportTo place on a track.
To enclose with rails or a railing.
To range in a line.
vulgarslangTo sexually penetrate in a rough manner.
slangdrugsmedicinepharmacologyTo snort a line of powdered drugs.
railnoun詞源 2/ɹeɪ(ə)l/
Any of several birds in the family Rallidae.
railverb詞源 3/ɹeɪ(ə)l/
To complain violently (against, about).
railnoun詞源 4/ɹeɪ(ə)l/
obsoleteAn item of clothing; a cloak or other garment; a dress.
obsoleteSpecifically, a woman's headscarf or neckerchief.
railverb詞源 5/ɹeɪ(ə)l/
obsoleteTo gush; to flow.
obsoleteTo blow.
資料來源:英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary(CC BY-SA 4.0)。 原文照列,未經改寫。