核心畫面

You can picture a straight bar fixed between two posts: rigid, going somewhere in one line, and there to hold something — your hand, a coat, a wheel. Almost everything this word does comes from that one bar. Lay two of them parallel on the ground and a train can run along them; put one along a staircase and a hand can hold it; run a set of them round a field and you have fenced it in.

可以想成一根直直的桿子,橫著固定在兩根柱子之間:硬的、沿著一條線延伸出去,而且是拿來「撐住什麼」的——撐住你的手、撐更多收起可以想成一根直直的桿子,橫著固定在兩根柱子之間:硬的、沿著一條線延伸出去,而且是拿來「撐住什麼」的——撐住你的手、撐住衣服、撐住輪子。這個字幾乎所有意思都從這一根桿子長出來:把兩根平行鋪在地上,火車就能沿著跑;沿著樓梯裝一根,手就有東西可以扶;繞著一塊地圍一圈,那塊地就被圍起來了。

From the word’s history

The bar sense comes from Old French raille/reille 'bolt, bar', from Vulgar Latin *regla, from Latin regula 'rule, straight piece of wood' — the same root as rule and regulate, which fits a bar that is straight by definition. The verb 'to complain bitterly' is a different word: from Old French raillier 'to tease or joke', ultimately of imitative origin (Late Latin ragere 'to roar'). They only look alike.

「桿子」這一系來自古法文 raille/reille(門閂、橫桿),源頭是拉丁文 regula「尺、直的木條」——跟 rule(尺、規則)、regulate 同一個字根,正好對上「一根本來就得是直的桿子」這個畫面。至於「痛斥、強烈抱怨」那個 rail,是另一個字:來自古法文 raillier「取笑、嘲弄」,更早可能出自擬聲的 ragere「吼叫」。兩者只是長得一樣。

Online Etymology Dictionary (etymonline.com), entries “rail (n.1)”, “rail (v.1)”, “rail (v.2)”

Four branches

橫著固定的一根桿子

最貼近原本畫面的一支:一根固定住的桿子,用途看它裝在哪裡——裝在樓梯邊給人扶,裝在牆上給人掛東西,圍成一圈就變成柵欄。

handrail · noun · B1

A bar fixed along or around something to hold on to or to stop you from falling.

欄杆/扶手

鐵軌與整套鐵路

把兩根桿子平行鋪在地上,就成了火車的軌道;再由這兩根往外擴,整套運輸系統也叫 rail。桿子還是那根桿子,只是這次撐住的是一列火車的重量和方向。

railway rail · noun · B1

One of the two long metal bars fixed to the ground that a train's wheels run along.

鐵軌

人生像火車在軌道上

從鐵軌再走一步的比喻:軌道讓火車穩穩往前,所以「在軌道上」就是生活正常運作,「脫軌」就是失控。中文的「步上正軌」「脫序」用的是同一個比喻,接起來很快。

go off the rails · noun · B1

To start behaving in a wild or troubled way, losing control of your normal life (in the phrase 'go off the rails').

脫序/走偏

痛斥、破口大罵

這個意思跟桿子沒有關係,是另一個來源的字剛好拼成一樣。要記它,靠句型比靠畫面可靠:它幾乎只出現在 rail against/at 後面接你覺得不公平的那個對象。

rail against something · verb · B1

To complain in a very angry way about something you think is unfair.

痛斥/強烈抱怨

原始詞典資料22 筆記錄

以下是外部詞典記錄的用法,原文照列,我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的;有些用法可能上面已經講過了。

railnoun詞源 1/ɹeɪ(ə)l/

  • 1

    A horizontal bar extending between supports and used for support or as a barrier; a railing.

    • Old Applegate, in the stern, just set and looked at me, and Lord James, amidship, waved both arms and kept hollering for help. I took a couple of everlasting big strokes and managed to grab hold of the skiff's rail, close to the stern.
  • 2

    The metal bar forming part of the track for a railroad.

    • A "moving platform" scheme[…]is more technologically ambitious than maglev trains even though it relies on conventional rails. Local trains would use side-by-side rails to roll alongside intercity trains and allow passengers to switch trains by stepping through docking bays.
  • 3

    A railroad; a railway, as a means of transportation.

    • We travelled to the seaside by rail.
    • a small Scottish village not accessible by rail
  • 4

    businesselectrical-engineeringelectricityA conductor maintained at a fixed electrical potential relative to ground, to which other circuit components are connected.

    • ISA devices draw power from the +5 V, −5 V, +12 V, and −12 V rails of the power supply unit.
    • There has been another, fairly gradual change in the ATX specification: Initially a lot of power was supplied on the 5V and 3.3V rails, but over time more and more power shifted to 12V because it's more efficient. Modern (ATX12V 2.x) PSUs supply most of their power on the 12V rail and not a lot on the 5V rail, which means a modern PSU may not be able to supply an old board, unless it's a really beefy PSU—because providing 500W on the 12V rail is of very little use to an AT or early ATX system.
  • 5

    A horizontal piece of wood that serves to separate sections of a door or window.

  • 6

    hobbieslifestylesportsOne of the lengthwise edges of a surfboard.

    • Rails alone can only ever have a marginal effect on a board's general turning ability.
  • 7

    A vertical section on one side of a web page.

    • We're experimenting with ads in the right-hand rail.
  • 8

    drugsmedicinepharmacologyA large line (portion or serving of a powdery illegal drug).

    • Do a couple rails and chase your own tail
另外 2 個記錄的用法
  • 9

    Each of two vertical side bars supporting the rungs of a ladder.

  • 10

    backgammongamesThe raised edge of the game board.

railverb詞源 1/ɹeɪ(ə)l/

  • 1

    To travel by railway.

    • Mottram of the Indian Survey had ridden thirty and railed one hundred miles from his lonely post in the desert […]
  • 2

    rail-transportrailwaystransportTo place on a track.

  • 3

    To enclose with rails or a railing.

    • They ought to rail off the playground.
    • It ought to be fenced in and railed.
  • 4

    To range in a line.

    • They were brought to London all railed in ropes, like a team of horses in a cart.
  • 5

    vulgarslangTo sexually penetrate in a rough manner.

  • 6

    slangdrugsmedicinepharmacologyTo snort a line of powdered drugs.

    • All I can think about is being seventeen days sober and desperate to rail a line of blow after last night's group outing to see Sofia Coppola's The Bling Ring (at my request), which, in hindsight, was a fucking dumb thing for a rehab to approve of.

railnoun詞源 2/ɹeɪ(ə)l/

  • 1

    Any of several birds in the family Rallidae.

railverb詞源 3/ɹeɪ(ə)l/

  • 1

    To complain violently (against, about).

    • Till thou canst raile the seale from off my bond Thou but offend'st thy Lungs to speake so loud: Repaire thy wit good youth, or it will fall To endlesse ruine. I stand heere for Law.
    • He always said: “Let them rail on; he laughs best who laughs last.”

railnoun詞源 4/ɹeɪ(ə)l/

  • 1

    obsoleteAn item of clothing; a cloak or other garment; a dress.

  • 2

    obsoleteSpecifically, a woman's headscarf or neckerchief.

    • A course hempen raile about her shoulders.

railverb詞源 5/ɹeɪ(ə)l/

  • 1

    obsoleteTo gush; to flow.

    • his breste and his brayle was bloodé – and hit rayled all over the see.
    • So furiously each other did assayle, / As if their soules they would attonce haue rent / Out of their brests, that streames of bloud did rayle / Adowne, as if their springes of life were spent[…].
  • 2

    obsoleteTo blow.

資料來源:英文維基詞典 English WiktionaryCC BY-SA 4.0)。 原文照列,未經改寫。