核心畫面

One way to hold preen: a bird takes a single feather into its and pulls it all the way through, from the base to the tip, then starts on the next one. The work is slow, patient and repeated, it is aimed at the bird's own body, and it is done out in the open — on a wire, on a rock, where anyone can watch. When the bird is finished it sits up, shakes once, and looks smooth and very satisfied. Most of what preen does in English seems to grow out of that small picture, including the part where the tidying is done where others can see.

preen 的核心畫面可以想成一隻鳥在整理羽毛。牠把一根羽毛含進嘴裡,從根部一路拉到尾端,弄順了再換下一根。動作很慢更多收起preen 的核心畫面可以想成一隻鳥在整理羽毛。牠把一根羽毛含進嘴裡,從根部一路拉到尾端,弄順了再換下一根。動作很慢、很仔細,而且是對著自己的身體來的。牠還就停在電線上、石頭上做,誰都看得到。整理完之後,牠會挺一下胸、抖一抖,看起來又順又滿意。英文裡 preen 的幾種用法,就像都從這個小小的畫面長出來——連「得意」那一層,也還沒離開這隻鳥。

From the word’s history

Wiktionary treats this preen as a variant of prune, shaped by an older English preen meaning 'a pin', and traces it back through Middle English to Old French proignier, 'to trim the feathers with the beak'. The modern core image is still that Old French phrase, almost word for word.

依照附上的維基詞典資料,這個 preen 是 prune(修剪)的變體,受到另一個舊字 preen(別針)影響,再往前可以追到古法文 proignier,意思就是「用嘴整理羽毛」。今天的核心畫面,幾乎就是那句古法文本身。

Wiktionary entry supplied in the evidence packet (source_ref kaikki:3f6f69a190036ae4:622381113, etymology_number 2)

Three branches

把自己弄順、弄整齊

這一組就站在核心畫面上:整理的對象是自己,方法是一處一處慢慢弄。

verb · C1

When a bird preens, it cleans and tidies its feathers with its beak, pulling each feather through and smoothing it back into place. You can say a bird preens, or that it preens itself.

理羽毛

把別的東西弄整齊好看

同樣的慢工細活,但手伸向自己以外的東西:樹叢、機車、一整座城鎮。

verb · C2

To tidy something up so that it looks neat and attractive — combing it, trimming it, or smoothing it into shape. It can be used about hair, plants, machines, and even a whole town.

整理修整

整理好之後的那份得意

鳥理完羽毛會挺胸、抖一抖,像在展示成果;這一組就是那個展示的動作被單獨拿出來用。

verb · C1

To show that you feel very pleased with yourself because of something you have done, in a way other people can see — sitting up tall, smiling, and enjoying the attention.

沾沾自喜