核心畫面

One way to picture muffle: someone takes something thick and soft — a coat, a blanket, snow, a box — and wraps it all the way round a thing. After that, whatever is inside is still there, but it no longer reaches the outside directly. Wrap a person and the cold cannot reach them. Wrap a drum and the sound comes out dull and round instead of sharp. Wrap a pot inside a furnace and the flames never touch it.

可以想成有人拿一層又厚又軟的東西,把某樣東西整個裹起來——外套、毯子、雪、或一個密閉的小箱子。裹好之後,裡面的東西還更多收起可以想成有人拿一層又厚又軟的東西,把某樣東西整個裹起來——外套、毯子、雪、或一個密閉的小箱子。裹好之後,裡面的東西還在,只是沒辦法直接碰到外面了。裹住人,冷空氣就進不來。裹住鼓,聲音出來就變得又悶又鈍。把陶器裹在爐子裡的小室裡,火焰就永遠碰不到它。muffle 的幾個用法,都像是從這一個「包起來」的動作長出來的。

From the word’s history

From Middle English muflen, an altered form of Old French enmoufler 'to wrap up', built on moufle 'mitten' (Medieval Latin muffula 'a muff'). The oldest picture in the word is cloth wrapped around something, which is still the picture in every modern use.

來自中古英文 muflen,是古法文 enmoufler「把…包起來」的變體,而 enmoufler 裡的 moufle 就是「連指手套」(中世紀拉丁文 muffula「暖手筒」)。這個字最早的畫面就是「布把東西裹住」,今天每一種用法都還看得到這個畫面。

Wiktionary entry for muffle supplied in this packet (source_ref kaikki:3f6f69a190036ae4:829285969:12852)

Two branches

把人裹起來

這一支最貼近字的原始畫面:布直接裹在身體上。

verb · B2

To wrap yourself or another person in thick warm clothes or cloth, so that most of the body or the face is covered. It is often used in the passive, as be muffled (up) in something.

包得緊緊的

把聲音悶掉

同樣是裹住,只是被裹住的換成了「會發出聲音的東西」,或是擋在聲音跟耳朵中間的那層布。

verb · B2

To make a sound quieter and less clear, usually by putting something soft or thick over it, or between it and the person who is listening.

悶住(聲音)

原始詞典資料11 筆記錄

以下是外部詞典記錄的用法,原文照列,我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的;有些用法可能上面已經講過了。

mufflenoun/mʌfl̩/

  • 1

    Anything that mutes or deadens sound.

  • 2

    A warm piece of clothing for the hands.

  • 3

    archaicslangA boxing glove.

    • N.B.—Mr Broughton proposes, with proper assistance, to open an academy at his house in the Haymarket, for the instruction of those who are willing to be initiated in the mystery of boxing: […] muffles are provided, that will effectually secure them from the inconveniency of black eyes, broken jaws, and bloody noses.
  • 4

    A kiln or furnace, often electric, with no direct flames (a muffle furnace)

  • 5

    The bare end of the nose between the nostrils, especially in ruminants.

  • 6

    A machine with two pulleys to hoist load by spinning wheels, polyspast, block and tackle.

    • Between the two pulleys c, c¹, and around the shaft a, is a muffle d, which receives at both ends the rounded heads of three, four, five, or more screws f, which act as levers. The levers are formed of a right and lefthanded screw, f, and f¹. The two screws are united together by means of a nut g, so that, by turning it, they are lengthened or shortened. The heads of the upper screws f¹, act upon the blocks e, e¹, contained in boxes supported by the plates h, h¹, through the centre of which passes the shaft a. These plates h, h¹, are fixed on the shaft a; they are of a smaller diameter than the inside of the pulleys c, c¹; their object is to keep the blocks e, e¹, from twisting. By moving the muffle d, to the left, the levers or screws f, f, will force the blocks e, to bear against the inside of the pulley c, placed on that side. The motion of this pulley will cause the muffle d, and consequently the shaft a, to revolve. By pushing the muffle d, on the opposite side, the blocks e, will depress the pulley c, and the blocks e¹, will bear against the pulley c¹, the band of which being crossed, will cause the shaft a, to revolve in a reverse direction. This shaft being furnished with a pinion, will transmit to a toothed wheel or rack, a motion in both directions at the desired instant, since it is only necessary to give the muffle d, a lateral movement from right to left, or from left to right, by means of a fork which acts on the part b. By placing the muffle d, half way between the two pullies c, and c¹, the blocks e, and e¹, will release the said pullies, and the shaft a, will be motionless. The patentee claims, ”the characteristic principle of the mechanical combination herein described, applicable to all cases where it may be useful, by varying the shapes or dimensions according to the power of the machines to which they may be applied.”

muffleverb/mʌfl̩/

  • 1

    To wrap (a person, face etc.) in fabric or another covering, for warmth or protection; often with up.

    • The face lies muffled up within the garment.
    • He muffled with a cloud his mournful eyes.
  • 2

    To wrap up or cover (a source of noise) in order to deaden the sound.

    • to muffle the strings of a drum, or that part of an oar which rests in the rowlock
    • I intend to muffle the sweeps and row the schooner up to the head of the creek there, from which point we can command the pile of sandal-wood with our gun.
  • 3

    To mute or deaden (a sound etc.).

    • The singer's voice was muffled by the thick walls, yet Tyrion knew the verse.
  • 4

    datedTo speak indistinctly, or without clear articulation.

  • 5

    datedTo prevent seeing, or hearing, or speaking, by wraps bound about the head; to blindfold; to deafen.

資料來源:英文維基詞典 English WiktionaryCC BY-SA 4.0)。 原文照列,未經改寫。