核心畫面

A rope or fence drawn tight around something that would otherwise spread, rise, or run further — it can still move, but only inside the line.

有一條看不見的繩子或一圈圍籬套在某個東西外面,那個東西本來會往外長、往上衝、往遠處跑,但繩子一收緊,它就只能停在這一更多收起有一條看不見的繩子或一圈圍籬套在某個東西外面,那個東西本來會往外長、往上衝、往遠處跑,但繩子一收緊,它就只能停在這一圈裡面。字根裡的 con-(一起)加上 -strain(拉緊、綁),拼起來的動作比較像「往內收緊、綁住」。要注意的是,這個綁不是把東西壓扁或消滅,而是「畫出一個範圍,讓它只能在裡面活動」——被 constrain 的東西還在,還在動,只是不能越線。

From the word’s history

From Latin constringere (con- "together" + stringere "to bind tight"), via Old French constreindre — literally "to bind tightly together", the physical squeeze behind the modern sense of holding something within limits.

拉丁文 constringere 由 con-(一起)+ stringere(拉緊、綁緊)組成,字面就是「一起綁緊」;經古法文 constreindre 進入英文。現代 constrain 的「限制」感正是從這個把東西往內收緊、綁在一個範圍裡的實體動作延伸出來的,同源的還有 strict、restrict、strain。

Wiktionary / Online Etymology Dictionary entry for "constrain" (Latin constringere ← con- + stringere)

One branch

把東西圈在範圍裡

這一家就是核心畫面本身:繩子收緊,東西只能待在圈內。差別只在圈住的是「事情的規模」還是「人的行動」。

keep within a limit · verb · C2

To keep something within a limit, so it cannot grow, rise, or go as far as it might.

限制

原始詞典資料3 筆記錄

以下是外部詞典記錄的用法,原文照列,我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的;有些用法可能上面已經講過了。

constrainverb/kənˈstɹeɪn/

  • 1

    To force physically, by strong persuasion or pressuring; to compel; to oblige.

  • 2

    To keep within close bounds; to confine.

    • But it's not just Castlefield Corridor capacity that constrains services. All the junctions on the lines feeding into the corridor are flat, so they create conflict points as trains pass.
  • 3

    To reduce a result in response to limited resources.

資料來源:英文維基詞典 English WiktionaryCC BY-SA 4.0)。 原文照列,未經改寫。