The way Joseph Stalin ran the Soviet Union, treated as a system with a name. The pieces people usually mean: one man and a small circle around him decide everything; only one party is allowed and no one may argue with it; the state owns the farms and factories and pushes industry hard and fast, whatever it costs people; and fear does the work of persuasion — secret police, informers, arrests in the night, prison camps, show trials where the accused confess to things they did not do, and mass killing. Millions died, from the camps, from the shootings, and from famine caused by state policy.

The way Joseph Stalin ran the Soviet Union史達林（Joseph Stalin）統治蘇聯的那一套方式，treated as a system with a name被當成一套有名字的體制來看待。The pieces people usually mean大家通常指的內容包括：one man and a small circle around him decide everything一個人和他身邊一小圈人決定一切；only one party is allowed and no one may argue with it只准一個政黨存在，沒有人能提出異議；the state owns the farms and factories國家擁有農場和工廠 and pushes industry hard and fast, whatever it costs people不計代價地強力快速推動工業；and fear does the work of persuasion而恐懼取代了說服的工作——secret police, informers, arrests in the night, prison camps秘密警察、告密者、半夜抓人、勞改營，show trials where the accused confess to things they did not do被告在公審中承認自己沒做過的事，and mass killing還有大規模屠殺。Millions died數百萬人因此喪命，from the camps, from the shootings死在勞改營裡、死在槍決之下，and from famine caused by state policy還有國家政策造成的饑荒。

The word also gets used for later governments run the same way, even far from Russia, and for movements that took Stalin as their model.

The word also gets used for later governments run the same way這個字也用來指後來用同一套方式統治的政府，even far from Russia就算離俄國很遠也一樣，and for movements that took Stalin as their model也用來指以史達林為榜樣的運動。

Outside history writing, people use it loosely as an insult for anyone who crushes disagreement — a boss, a school principal, a committee chair. That use is very common and very stretched: a strict manager is not running labour camps.

Outside history writing在歷史寫作之外，people use it loosely as an insult大家會把它當成一個很鬆散的罵人詞 for anyone who crushes disagreement用來罵任何打壓異議的人——a boss, a school principal, a committee chair像老闆、校長、委員會主席。That use is very common and very stretched這種用法很常見，但也拉得很誇張：a strict manager is not running labour camps嚴格的主管畢竟不是在管勞改營。

Notice too that the word was mostly made by people criticising Stalin. Stalin's own side did not go around saying 'our Stalinism'; they said Marxism-Leninism. So the word arrives already carrying a judgement, which is worth knowing before you use it in writing.

Notice too that the word was mostly made by people criticising Stalin也要注意，這個字大多是批評史達林的人創造出來的。Stalin's own side did not go around saying 'our Stalinism'史達林自己那一派不會到處說「我們的Stalinism」；they said Marxism-Leninism他們說的是「馬克思列寧主義」。So the word arrives already carrying a judgement所以這個字一出現就已經帶著批判的立場，which is worth knowing before you use it in writing用它寫東西之前值得先知道這一點。