One way to hold this word: think of something that was never written down and signed, but became real anyway because it went on for a long time. Judges decide case after case, and after enough years those decisions are the rule. Two people share a home year after year, and after enough years other people speak of them as married. In both pictures, the force comes from the long run of real life, not from a document.

可以想成一種「沒有寫在紙上,但時間久了就算數」的東西。法官一件一件判,判久了,那些判決本身就成了規矩。兩個人一起住、一起過日子,住久了,在別人眼裡也就是一對夫妻。common-law 指的都是這種東西:力量來自長期的實際狀況,不是來自一張證明。