核心畫面

Picture a lump of hard black rock that people dig out of the ground and throw into a fire. Two sides of that rock matter. One is coal as fuel: cheap, heavy, dug up by the ton, the stuff that ran trains and factories. The other is the single piece once it catches: black on the outside, glowing red inside, hot enough that nobody wants to touch it. Almost everything English does with this word comes from one of those two pictures.

可以想成 coal 是一塊從地底挖出來的黑色硬石頭,丟進火裡就會燒起來。這塊石頭有兩個面向:一個是「燃料」——便宜、更多收起可以想成 coal 是一塊從地底挖出來的黑色硬石頭,丟進火裡就會燒起來。這塊石頭有兩個面向:一個是「燃料」——便宜、沉重、整噸整噸地挖,過去火車和工廠都靠它;另一個是「燒起來的那一塊」——外面黑黑的,裡面紅得發亮,燙到沒有人想去碰。英文用 coal 講出來的各種說法,大多是抓住其中一個畫面。

Three branches

地下挖出來的燃料

這一組就是核心畫面本身:把 coal 當成一種材料看,不是一塊一塊數,而是一整批、一整車。

coal (fuel) · noun · C1

A hard black rock that is dug out of the ground and burned to make heat or power.

煤 / 煤炭

燒紅的那一塊

同樣一種東西,鏡頭拉近到單獨一塊,而且是已經著火的那一刻。這時候 coal 變成可數的,通常用複數 coals,因為爐子裡一定不只一塊。

a burning coal · noun · C1

A single piece of coal, especially one that is burning and glowing red.

煤塊 / 炭火

拿煤來比喻的固定說法

煤有兩個很鮮明的特點:以前產煤的地方多得堆不完,而燒紅的煤又燙得沒人敢碰。英文各挑一個特點做成一句固定說法,所以這兩句彼此不像,但都從真的煤長出來。

carry coals to Newcastle · noun · C1

Used in the phrase 'carry coals to Newcastle' — to bring something to a place that already has plenty of it.

多此一舉

原始詞典資料17 筆記錄

以下是外部詞典記錄的用法,原文照列,我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的;有些用法可能上面已經講過了。

Coalname

  • 1

    An unincorporated community in Henry County, Missouri, United States, named after early settler Stephen Coale.

  • 2

    An unincorporated community and coal town in Kanawha County, West Virginia, United States.

  • 3

    Four townships in the United States, in Missouri, Ohio (2), and Pennsylvania, listed under Coal Township.

coalnoun/kəʊl/

  • 1

    A black or brownish black rock formed from prehistoric plant remains, composed largely of carbon and burned as a fuel.

    • The coal in this region was prized by ironmasters in centuries past, who mined it in the spots where the drainage methods of the day permitted.
    • Coal-eaters they may have been, but a more willing or harder working Atlantic engine was never designed.
  • 2

    A black or brownish black rock formed from prehistoric plant remains, composed largely of carbon and burned as a fuel.

    • Put some coal on the fire.
    • Order some coal from the coalyard.
  • 3

    A piece of coal used for burning (this use is less common in American English)

    • Put some coals on the fire.
  • 4

    A glowing or charred piece of coal, wood, or other solid fuel.

    • hot coals
    • glowing coals
  • 5

    Charcoal.

  • 6

    Content of low quality.

    • I'm so sick of seeing this coal online.
  • 7

    slanggovernmentmilitarypoliticsBombs emitting black smoke on impact.

  • 8

    obsoleteslangMoney.

coalverb/kəʊl/

  • 1

    To take on a supply of coal (usually of steam ships or locomotives).

    • 1863, Colonial Secretary to Commander Baldwin, USN shortly after that she coaled again at Simon's Bay; and that after remaining in the neighbourhood of our ports for a time, she proceeded to Mauritius, where she coaled again, and then returned to this colony.
    • Our next stopping-place was Newcastle, and here we coaled in earnest, for the steamer was flying light, and was loaded up in every available place.
  • 2

    To supply with coal.

    • to coal a steamer
    • January 1917, National Geographic Magazine, Volume 31 Number 1, One Hundred British Seaports Cruisers may be coaled at sea and provided with ammunition openly. The submarine may not
  • 3

    To be converted to charcoal.

    • After the initial burn the goal of any good fire should be coaling; that is, creating a bed of solid coals that will sustain the fire.
    • As a result, particles of wood and twigs insufficiently coaled are frequently found at the bottom of such pits.
  • 4

    To burn to charcoal; to char.

    • Char-coal of roots, coaled into great pieces.
  • 5

    To mark or delineate with charcoal.

    • […] marvailing, he coaled out these rithms upon the wall near to the picture

coaladj/kəʊl/

  • 1

    Black like coal; coal-black.

    • ... his coal hair / the corners of his warm smile / the blue of his gentle eyes. I wanted to explore him as Sir Francis Drake explored the New World. I wanted to tell my secrets to him as a Roman Catholic does in confession.
    • His coal hair streaked through the gushing of freezing air and the base of the silk robe fluttered splendidly. The Lord of Blood, adorned with glossy armor and atop a stalwart steed, appeared to have the opulence of a king. White hills[…]

資料來源:英文維基詞典 English WiktionaryCC BY-SA 4.0)。 原文照列,未經改寫。