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Orthography is the system a language uses for writing words: which letters, in which order, and what counts as the normal form on the page. When teachers say English spelling is messy, they are talking about English orthography — through, though, and tough look like cousins, but they are not said the same way.
Orthography isOrthography是 the system a language uses for writing words一種語言用來書寫文字的系統：which letters, in which order, and what counts as the normal form on the page用哪些字母、按什麼順序、以及頁面上什麼樣算是標準寫法。When teachers say English spelling is messy當老師說英文拼字很亂的時候，they are talking about English orthography他們講的就是英文的orthography——through, though, and tough look like cousinsthrough、though和tough看起來像親戚，but they are not said the same way但唸法完全不同。
Though actually, in daily life people just say spelling. You reach for orthography when you mean the whole system, not one word: “English orthography keeps many silent letters.” People also stretch it toward “correct spelling,” as if there were only one right way.
Though actually不過其實，in daily life people just say spelling日常生活裡人們就只說spelling。You reach for orthography when you mean the whole system, not one word當你指的是整套系統、不是單一個字的時候，才會用orthography："English orthography keeps many silent letters"「English orthography keeps many silent letters」。People also stretch it toward "correct spelling"人們也會把它引申用來指「正確的拼字」，as if there were only one right way好像只有一種正確方式一樣。
In real life British and American orthography are both accepted; they are simply two systems. The word is a noun, and it belongs to school, dictionaries, and more than to the street.
In real life實際上，British and American orthography are both accepted英式和美式的orthography都被接受；they are simply two systems它們只是兩套不同的系統。The word is a noun這個詞是名詞，and it belongs to school, dictionaries, and linguistics more than to the street比較屬於學校、字典和語言學，而不是日常街頭用語。
組成From Late Middle English, then French / Latin orthographia, from Greek: ortho- (“straight, correct”) + -graphia (“writing”). So the old idea is “correct writing,” which came to mean spelling.
同家族的字
- orthographicadjective from the same root
- orthographicallyadverb: “as far as the spelling goes”
原始詞典資料7 筆記錄
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法，原文照列，我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的；有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
orthographynoun/ɔːˈθɒɡɹəfi/
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human-scienceslinguisticssciencesA method of representing a language or the sounds of language by written symbols; spelling.
- The Licencer indeed, as his autority novv ſtands, may licence much; but if theſe Greek Orthographies vvere of his licencing; the boyes at School might reck'n vvith him at his Grammar.
- Then the Bay tried me vvith a ſecond VVord, much harder to be pronounced; but reducing it to the Engliſh Orthography, may be ſpelt thus, Houyhnhnms.
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human-scienceslinguisticssciencesA set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, capitalization, emphasis, hyphenation, punctuation, and word breaks.
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human-scienceslinguisticssciencesThe aspect of language study concerned with letters and their sequences in words; the study of spelling.
- Not only the ſeveral Towns and Countries^([sic – meaning Counties]) of England, have a different way of pronouncing, but even here in London they clip their Words after one Manner about the Court, another in the City, and a third in the Suburbs; and in a few Years, it is probable, will all differ from themſelves, as Fancy or Faſhion ſhall direct: All which, reduced to Writing, would entirely confound Orthography.
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human-scienceslinguisticssciencesCorrect spelling according to established usage; also (obsolete) pronunciation according to the spelling of a word.
- I abhor ſuch phanaticall phantaſims, ſuch inſociable and poynt deuiſe companions, ſuch rackers of ortagriphie, as to ſpeake dout ſine, when he ſhould ſay doubt; […]
- [A]nother [critic] has vovvde to get the conſumption of the lungues, or to leue to poſteritie the true orthography and pronunciation of laughing: […]
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architectureA form of projection used to represent three-dimensional objects in two dimensions, in which all the projection lines are orthogonal or perpendicular to the projection plane; an orthographic projection, especially when used to draw an elevation, vertical projection, etc., of a building; also (obsolete) a drawing made in this way.
- Ichnography, by vvhich vve are to underſtand the very firſt Deſign and Ordinance of a VVork or Edifice, […] To this ſucceeds Orthography, or the erect elevation of the ſame in face or front deſcrib'd in meaſure upon the former Idea […]
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obsoleteSynonym of orthographer (“someone knowledgeable in spelling rules”).
- [H]e vvas vvoont to ſpeake plaine, and novv is he turnd ortography, his vvords are a very fantaſticall banquet, iuſt ſo many ſtrange diſhes: […]
orthographyverb/ɔːˈθɒɡɹəfi/
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archaicrareTo spell (words) or write (text) according to established usage.
- [T]here have appeared three collections of ſongs and poems, all of vvhich, though there be merit in the compoſition, are, hovvever, vvretchedly orthographied.
- As it would be unpleasant to the reader to see in print Mr. Dubois's English orthographied as he pronounced his words, we have followed the common way of spelling.
資料來源：英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary（CC BY-SA 4.0）。 原文照列，未經改寫。