A monetarist is someone who thinks a country should keep a tight hand on how much money is out there — the notes, coins, and bank money people can spend. The idea is simple on the surface: if there is too much money, prices jump (that is inflation); if there is too little, shops go quiet and people lose work. So, in this view, the government’s main job with the economy is not to spend its way out of trouble, but to control and often limit the money supply. Though actually, people use the word in two close ways. As a noun, a monetarist is the person who holds this belief (often an economist, a central banker, or a politician). As an adjective, monetarist talks about the belief itself: monetarist policy, a monetarist government. It is a formal, specialist word; you meet it in news about banks and governments, not in everyday chat. It became a loud word in the 1970s and 1980s, when some leaders tried to fight high prices by squeezing money, even when that hurt jobs. Other economists say demand, spending, and wages matter just as much, so they argue with monetarists. It does not mean “a person who loves money.” That is a different idea entirely.

貨幣主義者；貨幣主義的（政策）