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Feudalism is the name for a way of organising life that was strong in parts of Europe in the Middle Ages. Land was power.
Feudalism封建制度 is the name for是……的名稱 a way of organising life一種生活組織方式 that was strong in parts of Europe in the Middle Ages中世紀時在歐洲部分地區相當盛行 Land土地 was power就是權力
A king or a great lord held land, and he let other men hold pieces of it. Those men, in return, owed him work, loyalty, and fighting. They then did the same with smaller people under them.
A king or a great lord國王或大領主 held land握有土地 and he let other men hold pieces of it然後讓其他人持有其中的一部分 Those men, in return這些人作為回報 owed him就欠他 work, loyalty, and fighting勞力、效忠，還有打仗的義務 They then did the same他們接著也做同樣的事 with smaller people under them對底下更小的人
A farmer on that land was not free in the modern sense: he worked, paid, and came when called, and in return he got a place to live and the lord's protection — though actually the 'both sides' story in textbooks is tidier than many lives were. The people at the bottom had little real choice, and historians still argue how neat the pyramid really was, and how far the same pattern existed outside Europe.
A farmer on that land那塊土地上的農民 was not free in the modern sense並不是現代意義上的自由人 he worked, paid, and came when called他要做工、繳納，被叫的時候就得來 and in return he got a place to live and the lord's protection而作為回報，他得到一個住的地方和領主的保護 though actually the 'both sides' story in textbooks is tidier than many lives were不過其實，課本裡「雙方互惠」的說法，比很多人實際的生活要整齊得多 The people at the bottom位在最底層的人 had little real choice幾乎沒有真正的選擇 and historians still argue how neat the pyramid really was而歷史學家至今仍在爭論這個金字塔結構到底有多整齊 and how far the same pattern existed outside Europe還有這種模式在歐洲以外存在的程度有多廣
It is a school-and-book word, not a street word. People sometimes stretch it to any society built on lords, land, and personal service, but the core picture remains that medieval land-for-loyalty system.
It is a school-and-book word這是課本和學術上用的字 not a street word不是日常口語會用的字 People sometimes stretch it to any society built on lords, land, and personal service有些人有時候會把它延伸用到任何建立在領主、土地和人身服務上的社會 but the core picture remains that medieval land-for-loyalty system但核心的畫面仍然是中世紀那套「用土地換效忠」的制度
組成From feudal + -ism. feudal = of that lord-and-land world; -ism names a system.
同家族的字
- feudalthe adjective for that lord-and-land system; feudalism is the name of the system itself
- feudalisticmeans 'like feudalism', often as a complaint about old-fashioned power
- fiefthe piece of land a lord granted; feudal comes from the same medieval word for that land
原始詞典資料1 筆記錄
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法，原文照列，我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的；有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
feudalismnoun/ˈfju.də.lɪ.zəm/
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A social system based on personal ownership of resources and personal fealty between a suzerain (lord) and a vassal (subject). Defining characteristics are direct ownership of resources, personal loyalty, and a hierarchical social structure reinforced by religion.
- It was the beginning of a feudalism of the range, a barony rude enough, but a glorious one, albeit it began, like all feudalism, in large-handed theft and generous murdering.
- The re-emergence of empire was thwarted by immense topographical variety, coastal confolutions, and wide-openness to the east, which made Christendom difficult to organize and defend as a whole from Viking, barbarian and Islamic attacks round its perimeter; by natural temperateness, which rendered large-scale disasters needing widespread rescue of populations rare (Jones 1981); and by the very devolved political system represented by feudalism, which encouraged the fissipation of whatever larger units did develop.
資料來源：英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary（CC BY-SA 4.0）。 原文照列，未經改寫。