混凝土這種建材
這一支是「凝結成一整塊」最看得見的版本:名詞是那塊材料,形容詞是「用它做的」,動詞是「拿它去鋪」。
building material · noun · B2
A hard, strong grey material used for building, made by mixing cement, sand, small stones, and water.
混凝土
You can picture loose cement, sand and small stones swirled together with water, and then setting into one grey block you cannot pull apart again. Separate bits have grown into a single solid thing — that is the picture the whole word grows around, whether you are talking about a wall or about an idea that has finally hardened into something real.
From Latin concretus, past participle of concrescere 'to grow together' (com- 'together' + crescere 'to grow'), literally 'condensed, hardened, congealed'. The adjective came into English in the late 14th century meaning 'actual, solid, not abstract' — a logician's word — and the building material was only named concrete in 1834, because it is exactly a mass of stones cemented into one lump.
來自拉丁文 concretus,是 concrescere「一起長」的過去分詞(com-「一起」+ crescere「長」),字面意思是「凝結、變硬、結成一塊」。英文裡先出現的其實是形容詞:十四世紀末指「實在的、不抽象的」,是邏輯學的用語;建材要到 1834 年才被叫做 concrete,因為它正好就是一堆石頭被黏成一整塊。所以「具體」不是從水泥延伸的比喻,兩者是同一個「凝結成一塊」的畫面各自長出來的。
Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com/word/concrete
Two branches
混凝土這種建材
這一支是「凝結成一整塊」最看得見的版本:名詞是那塊材料,形容詞是「用它做的」,動詞是「拿它去鋪」。
building material · noun · B2
A hard, strong grey material used for building, made by mixing cement, sand, small stones, and water.
混凝土
具體、摸得到的
同樣是「凝結成一整塊、抓得住」,只是這次凝固的不是水泥,是想法:從模模糊糊的概念,變成講得出細節、指得出東西的東西。
definite, specific · adjective · B2
Definite and specific; based on real facts or things you can see, not just ideas.
具體的
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法,原文照列,我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的;有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
concreteadj/ˈkɒnkɹiːt/
Real, actual, tangible.
category-theorycomputingengineeringReal, actual, tangible.
Real, actual, tangible.
Being or applying to actual things, rather than abstract qualities or categories.
Particular, specific, rather than general.
Made of concrete (building material).
obsoleteMade up of separate parts; composite.
obsoleteNot liquid or fluid; solid.
concretenoun/ˈkɒnkɹiːt/
A building material created by mixing cement, water, and aggregate such as gravel and sand.
A building material created by mixing cement, water, and aggregate such as gravel and sand.
human-scienceslogicmathematicsA term designating both a quality and the subject in which it exists; a concrete term.
A dessert of frozen custard with various toppings.
An extract of herbal materials that has a semi-solid consistency, especially when such materials are partly aromatic.
obsoleteSugar boiled down from cane juice to a solid mass.
obsoleteAny solid mass formed by the coalescence of separate particles; a compound substance, a concretion.
concreteverb/ˈkɒnkɹiːt/
To cover with or encase in concrete (building material).
To solidify: to change from being abstract to being concrete (actual, real).
archaicTo unite or coalesce into a solid mass.
資料來源:英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary(CC BY-SA 4.0)。 原文照列,未經改寫。