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Vindictiveness is the noun: the quality or feeling of wanting revenge, and wanting it beyond what is fair. You use it to name the thing itself, so you can talk about it — measure it, blame it, be surprised by it. "The vindictiveness of his reply shocked everyone" names what was wrong with the reply. "There was no vindictiveness in her voice" says the wish for payback simply was not there. It is uncountable, so there is no "a vindictiveness" and no plural. It takes "the" when you point to a specific instance (the vindictiveness of the decision), and no article when you speak of it in general (vindictiveness helps nobody). Watch the difference from the related word : the adverb describes an action as it happens, while this noun lets you make the feeling the subject of the sentence — something a person has, shows, hides, or is finally free of. Common partners are show, be full of, be free of, and a note of. It sits on the formal side of English, which makes it useful in essays and in writing about characters. In plain speech people say spite, or bitterness, or "he just wants to get back at them".
報復心、記恨、懷恨的心態
組成vindictive + -ness. The ending -ness turns an adjective into the name of that quality — kind becomes kindness, and vindictive becomes vindictiveness.
同家族的字
- vindictivethe adjective this is built from
- vindictivelythe adverb from the same adjective
- kindnesssame -ness pattern: it names the quality of being the adjective
原始詞典資料1 筆記錄
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法，原文照列，我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的；有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
vindictivenessnoun/vɪnˈdɪk.tɪv.nəs/
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The condition of being vindictive; a malevolent desire for revenge.
- Lord Avonleigh was an angry rather than a vindictive man. Vindictiveness requires more energy of character than he possessed. Indeed, it may be questioned whether he would of himself have taken the violent measures of the preceding evening.
資料來源：英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary（CC BY-SA 4.0）。 原文照列，未經改寫。