If something is impaired, it is damaged, weaker, or not as good as before. Impaired vision means you cannot see as well as you should. People also use it, carefully, about the body: visually impaired (cannot see well), hearing impaired (cannot hear well). Though actually, in some countries 'impaired driving' means driving after drink or drugs — the person's control is impaired. The word is a bit formal; 'damaged' or 'weaker' is the simple way. When it describes a person, it is a description of a difficulty, not a joke and not an insult.

受損的。視障、聽障 is what people actually say here for visually / hearing impaired, not 視覺受損.