- 1法西斯主義（口語也說「法西斯」）。和「納粹主義」不是同一個詞：納粹指德國那一套；法西斯主義範圍較大，源頭是義大利的墨索里尼。
Fascism is a way of running a country from the far right. In a fascist system, one party — and usually one strong leader — holds almost all the power. The state tries to control people’s work, news, schools, and even what they may say. You cannot freely vote that power away, and people who speak against the government are punished. It praises the nation, the leader, and often the army, and it treats “outsiders” and political enemies as a threat. The word comes from Italy. In the 1920s Benito Mussolini’s movement called itself fascismo, from Italian fascio, “bundle” or “group,” with a straight look back at the Roman fasces: a bundle of rods with an axe, carried before magistrates as a sign that the state had power over life and death. Mussolini’s “fight groups,” the fasci di combattimento, took that old sign as their emblem. At first English used fascism for Fascist Italy; then people used it for the Axis powers in the Second World War; later it became a general name for that kind of system, and also a heavy insult. Though actually, in everyday talk people now throw “fascist” at anyone they find too , too national, or too cruel, and historians will tell you this stretches the word until it gets thin. Keep the core for yourself: a dictatorship that wants deep control, with no real opposition, often with violence and a leader who must be praised.
組成From Italian fascismo: fascio (“fasces, bundle, group”) + -ismo (“-ism”). The Italian word pointed to Mussolini’s fasci di combattimento, and behind fascio sits Latin fasces, the bundle of rods and an axe that stood for a magistrate’s power. First used of Fascist Italy, then of the Axis, then as a wider political word and insult.
同家族的字
- fascistthe person who supports this system, or the adjective for things belonging to it
- fascesthe Roman bundle of rods and an axe that gave the Italian movement its name and emblem
原始詞典資料5 筆記錄
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法，摘錄並精簡格式，我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的；有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
fascismnoun/ˈfæʃɪz(ə)m/
- 1
Any right-wing, authoritarian, nationalist ideology characterized by centralized, totalitarian governance, strong regimentation of the economy and society, and repression of criticism or opposition.
- Fascism, at any rate the German version, is a form of capitalism that borrows from Socialism just such features as will make it efficient for war purposes... Ownership has never been abolished, there are still capitalists and workers, and—this is the important point, and the real reason why rich men all over the world tend to sympathize with Fascism—generally speaking the same people are capitalists and the same people workers as before the Nazi revolution. But at the same time the State, which is simply the Nazi Party, is in control of everything... The mere efficiency of such a system, the elimination of waste and obstruction, is obvious. In seven years it has built up the most powerful war machine the world has ever seen.
- Despite the three decades that have passed since the end of the second world war, fascism remains a subject of much heated argument. […] It also continues to be a subject of controversy, partly because it collides with so many preconceived ideological notions, partly because generalizations are made difficult by the fact that there was not one fascism but several fascisms.
- 2
Any right-wing, authoritarian, nationalist ideology characterized by centralized, totalitarian governance, strong regimentation of the economy and society, and repression of criticism or opposition.
- Today "Fascism" like Russian "Bolshevism" does not know what freedom means and cares less about the principles of liberty and the rights of man. It knows only one law and that is the will of Mussolini and his band of "Black Shirts."
- Fascism, with all its forcefulness in the prosecution of its violent deeds, is indeed nothing else but the expression of the disintegration and decay of capitalist economy, and the symptom of the dissolution of the bourgeois State.
- 3
derogatoryAny system of strong autocracy or oligarchy usually to the extent of bending and breaking the law, race-baiting, and/or violence against largely unarmed populations.
- ...even the people who recklessly fling the word ‘Fascist’ in every direction attach at any rate an emotional significance to it. By ‘Fascism’ they mean, roughly speaking, something cruel, unscrupulous, arrogant, obscurantist, anti-liberal and anti-working-class. Except for the relatively small number of Fascist sympathizers, almost any English person would accept ‘bully’ as a synonym for ‘Fascist’. That is about as near to a definition as this much-abused word has come.
- For Argentine fascists and nacionalistas, fascism was not a theory but a mold for Catholic thinking. For instance, one of the most significant nacionalista intellectuals, César Pico, argued that fascism was a "reaction against the calamities ascribed to liberal democracy, socialism, and capitalism. It's a reaction that, although instinctive in its origins, is searching for a doctrine that could justify it."
- 4
derogatoryAny extreme reliance on or enforcement of rules and regulations.
摘錄自 英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary，已精簡格式；依 CC BY-SA 4.0 授權使用，改動後的內容同樣以此授權提供。