Disenfranchisement is the name of the act of taking rights away, or the state you are left in afterwards — above all the right to vote. “The disenfranchisement of Black voters” means those voters were kept from voting, by law or by tricks around the law. It is a heavy, formal noun. You will see it in history books, court cases, and serious news.

Though actually, like the verb, people also use it for any big shutting-out, not only voting: being left with no voice at work, or no say in a city. That stretch is common, but the core picture is still civic rights. It names a process or a condition; it does not itself do the taking.