- 1減刑（減輕刑罰，並非赦免）
In law, a commutation is a decision that makes a punishment less severe, without saying the person is innocent. A death sentence may be changed to life in prison; a long term may be . That change is a commutation. In some countries a president or governor can grant it. It is not the same as a pardon, which goes further toward wiping the offence away. Though actually, commute as “travel to work each day” comes from the same older idea “to change / to exchange” — a commutation ticket once meant a ticket that swapped many fares for one — but in this entry the courtroom sense is the one that matters.
組成commute (“to change”) + -ation (makes a noun). From French commutation, from Latin commūtātiō: changing one thing for another.
同家族的字
- commutethe verb: to change a punishment into a lighter one (the travel sense is a later cousin of the same “change/exchange” idea)
原始詞典資料8 筆記錄
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法，摘錄並精簡格式，我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的；有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
commutationnoun詞源 1/kɒmjuːˈteɪʃən/
- 1
archaicformalSubstitution of one thing for another; interchange.
- 2
Specifically, the substitution of one kind of payment for another, especially a switch to monetary payment from obligations of labour.
- Professor Postan has argued in favour of a rapid move towards commutation in the twelfth century which slackened or even went into reverse in the course of the thirteenth.
- 3
lawThe change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State
- Monsieur the Marquis de Sade [was] now holed up in one of his châteaux while his wife worked for the commutation of a sentence passed on him recently for poisoning and buggery.
- 4
human-scienceslinguisticssciencesSubstitution, as a means of discriminating between phonemes.
- 5
businesselectrical-engineeringelectricityThe reversal of an electric current.
- 6
obsoleteA passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation.
- 7
obsoleteThe act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange.
commutationnoun詞源 2/kɒmjuːˈteɪʃən/
- 1
The process or habit of journeying to and from work on a regular basis; commuting.
- but there was no city officer to stand forth and ask for it — not even so much as to require frequent trains, low fares, and commutations on that part of the road which ran within the city limits.
- These permit the limited number willing to abandon their automobiles for long hikes to visit some of the most rugged terrain in Southern California. Major resort centers with substantial year-around residence (and much commutation) occur in the western Santa Monica Mountains, the San Bernardino Mountains, and around Idyllwild in the San Jacinto.
摘錄自 英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary，已精簡格式；依 CC BY-SA 4.0 授權使用，改動後的內容同樣以此授權提供。