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In law, a commutation is a decision that makes a punishment less severe, without saying the person is innocent. A death sentence may be changed to life in prison; a long term may be . That change is a commutation.
In law在法律上，a commutationcommutation（減刑） is a decision that makes a punishment less severe是一種讓刑罰變輕的決定，without saying the person is innocent但不代表這個人是無罪的。A death sentence may be changed to life in prison死刑可能被改成無期徒刑；a long term may be shortened很長的刑期也可能被縮短。That change is a commutation這種改變就叫 commutation。
In some countries a president or governor can grant it. It is not the same as a pardon, which goes further toward wiping the offence away.
In some countries在有些國家，a president or governor can grant it總統或州長可以核准這件事。It is not the same as a pardon這跟 pardon（赦免）不一樣，which goes further toward wiping the offence away赦免走得更遠，會把罪本身也一併抹掉。
Though actually, commute as “travel to work each day” comes from the same older idea “to change / to exchange” — a commutation ticket once meant a ticket that swapped many fares for one — but in this entry the courtroom sense is the one that matters.
Though actually不過實際上，commute as "travel to work each day"「commute」當「每天通勤上班」講的時候 comes from the same older idea "to change / to exchange"也是來自同一個更早的概念「交換／替換」——a commutation ticket once meant a ticket that swapped many fares for onea commutation ticket 曾經是指用一張票換掉很多趟票價的票——but in this entry the courtroom sense is the one that matters但在這個詞條裡，重要的是法庭上的那個意思。
組成commute (“to change”) + -ation (makes a noun). From French commutation, from Latin commūtātiō: changing one thing for another.
同家族的字
- commutethe verb: to change a punishment into a lighter one (the travel sense is a later cousin of the same “change/exchange” idea)
原始詞典資料8 筆記錄
以下是外部詞典記錄的用法，原文照列，我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的；有些用法可能上面已經講過了。
commutationnoun詞源 1/kɒmjuːˈteɪʃən/
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archaicformalSubstitution of one thing for another; interchange.
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Specifically, the substitution of one kind of payment for another, especially a switch to monetary payment from obligations of labour.
- Professor Postan has argued in favour of a rapid move towards commutation in the twelfth century which slackened or even went into reverse in the course of the thirteenth.
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lawThe change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State
- Monsieur the Marquis de Sade [was] now holed up in one of his châteaux while his wife worked for the commutation of a sentence passed on him recently for poisoning and buggery.
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human-scienceslinguisticssciencesSubstitution, as a means of discriminating between phonemes.
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businesselectrical-engineeringelectricityThe reversal of an electric current.
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obsoleteA passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation.
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obsoleteThe act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange.
commutationnoun詞源 2/kɒmjuːˈteɪʃən/
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The process or habit of journeying to and from work on a regular basis; commuting.
- but there was no city officer to stand forth and ask for it — not even so much as to require frequent trains, low fares, and commutations on that part of the road which ran within the city limits.
- These permit the limited number willing to abandon their automobiles for long hikes to visit some of the most rugged terrain in Southern California. Major resort centers with substantial year-around residence (and much commutation) occur in the western Santa Monica Mountains, the San Bernardino Mountains, and around Idyllwild in the San Jacinto.
資料來源：英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary（CC BY-SA 4.0）。 原文照列，未經改寫。